]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Information_Content" class="cyc_term">Information_Content</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> is an abstract propositional thing that has some truth value in some context or "world". A proposition is assumed to be representable (at least in principle) by a sentence in some formal or natural language. But it should not be assumed that propositions are themselves intrinsically linguistic items in the way that sentences or formulae are. Indeed, propositions are often viewed as extra-linguistic, intensional entities that (while not sentences themselves) are represented or expressed by meaningful sentences (or, on some versions of this view, by concrete tokens of sentences). On such a view it is possible for distinct sentences (either from the same language or from different languages) to express the very same proposition; e.g. 'Snow is white.', 'White is the color of snow.', 'Schnee ist weiss.' (in German), and (arguably) '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/relationAllInstance" class="cyc_term">relationAllInstance</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/objectHasColor" class="cyc_term">objectHasColor</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SnowMob" class="cyc_term">SnowMob</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WhiteColor" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)' (in CycL). Similarly, it is sometimes the case that a single sentence -- when used in different contexts -- will express distinct propositions; e.g. 'I am hungry.' said by you and said by me. Most formal languages (such as a first-order predicate calculus) and natural languages (such as English) include the resources for composing expressions that represent propositions from component expressions (that might or might not themselves represent other propositions). Proposition Mx4rvViA7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA proposition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition premise propositions premises rule PhysicalPrinciple A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhysicalPrinciple" class="cyc_term">PhysicalPrinciple</a> is a proposition about some particular more or less idealized aspect of the physical universe. For example, some physical principles describe how objects behave under constant acceleration, which is an idealization that discounts any frictional forces. See also the specialization of this collection, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LawOfNature" class="cyc_term">LawOfNature</a>. Proposition-True proposition-true A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition_True" class="cyc_term">Proposition_True</a> in a microtheory or context, MT, is a proposition that is true in that context. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a>s are the information content of declarative sentences. This collection pick out, in any context, the subcollection of them that are true in that context. We can specify the relation between a true sentence and a true proposition more formally. If S is a sentence that is closed and askable, and P is a proposition such that: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/expresses" class="cyc_term">expresses</a> S P) in <MT, TIME, PAR>, then if S in <MT, TIME, PAR>, then (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> P <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition_True" class="cyc_term">Proposition_True</a>) in <MT, TIME, PAR> Theorem-Proposition A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Theorem_Proposition" class="cyc_term">Theorem_Proposition</a> is a significant <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> that has been proved on the basis of explicit assumptions. Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BayesTheorem" class="cyc_term">BayesTheorem</a> and #$GoedelsFirstIncompletenessTheorem. theorem-proposition thesis Thesis-Abstract subsets of computational object math topic SubsetsOfComputationalObject-Math-Topic information content Information-Content A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Information_Content" class="cyc_term">Information_Content</a> is an abstract object that can be the content, or meaning, of some token in some language. A pair of tokens of linguistic objects mean the same thing just in case each has the same content as the other. Instance of this collection can be used to represent the content of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Information_Content" class="cyc_term">Information_Content</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> is an abstract propositional thing that has some truth value in some context or "world". A proposition is assumed to be representable (at least in principle) by a sentence in some formal or natural language. But it should not be assumed that propositions are themselves intrinsically linguistic items in the way that sentences or formulae are. Indeed, propositions are often viewed as extra-linguistic, intensional entities that (while not sentences themselves) are represented or expressed by meaningful sentences (or, on some versions of this view, by concrete tokens of sentences). On such a view it is possible for distinct sentences (either from the same language or from different languages) to express the very same proposition; e.g. 'Snow is white.', 'White is the color of snow.', 'Schnee ist weiss.' (in German), and (arguably) '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/relationAllInstance" class="cyc_term">relationAllInstance</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/objectHasColor" class="cyc_term">objectHasColor</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SnowMob" class="cyc_term">SnowMob</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WhiteColor" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)' (in CycL). Similarly, it is sometimes the case that a single sentence -- when used in different contexts -- will express distinct propositions; e.g. 'I am hungry.' said by you and said by me. Most formal languages (such as a first-order predicate calculus) and natural languages (such as English) include the resources for composing expressions that represent propositions from component expressions (that might or might not themselves represent other propositions). Proposition proposition A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Information_Content" class="cyc_term">Information_Content</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> is an abstract propositional thing that has some truth value in some context or "world". A proposition is assumed to be representable (at least in principle) by a sentence in some formal or natural language. But it should not be assumed that propositions are themselves intrinsically linguistic items in the way that sentences or formulae are. Indeed, propositions are often viewed as extra-linguistic, intensional entities that (while not sentences themselves) are represented or expressed by meaningful sentences (or, on some versions of this view, by concrete tokens of sentences). On such a view it is possible for distinct sentences (either from the same language or from different languages) to express the very same proposition; e.g. 'Snow is white.', 'White is the color of snow.', 'Schnee ist weiss.' (in German), and (arguably) '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/relationAllInstance" class="cyc_term">relationAllInstance</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/objectHasColor" class="cyc_term">objectHasColor</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SnowMob" class="cyc_term">SnowMob</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WhiteColor" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)' (in CycL). Similarly, it is sometimes the case that a single sentence -- when used in different contexts -- will express distinct propositions; e.g. 'I am hungry.' said by you and said by me. Most formal languages (such as a first-order predicate calculus) and natural languages (such as English) include the resources for composing expressions that represent propositions from component expressions (that might or might not themselves represent other propositions). Proposition proposition A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Information_Content" class="cyc_term">Information_Content</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> is an abstract propositional thing that has some truth value in some context or "world". A proposition is assumed to be representable (at least in principle) by a sentence in some formal or natural language. But it should not be assumed that propositions are themselves intrinsically linguistic items in the way that sentences or formulae are. Indeed, propositions are often viewed as extra-linguistic, intensional entities that (while not sentences themselves) are represented or expressed by meaningful sentences (or, on some versions of this view, by concrete tokens of sentences). On such a view it is possible for distinct sentences (either from the same language or from different languages) to express the very same proposition; e.g. 'Snow is white.', 'White is the color of snow.', 'Schnee ist weiss.' (in German), and (arguably) '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/relationAllInstance" class="cyc_term">relationAllInstance</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/objectHasColor" class="cyc_term">objectHasColor</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SnowMob" class="cyc_term">SnowMob</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WhiteColor" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)' (in CycL). Similarly, it is sometimes the case that a single sentence -- when used in different contexts -- will express distinct propositions; e.g. 'I am hungry.' said by you and said by me. Most formal languages (such as a first-order predicate calculus) and natural languages (such as English) include the resources for composing expressions that represent propositions from component expressions (that might or might not themselves represent other propositions). Proposition proposition An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionType" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FixedOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> is the collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (q.v.) Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExistingStuffType" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExistingObjectType" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. first-order collection FirstOrderCollection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Information_Content" class="cyc_term">Information_Content</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> is an abstract propositional thing that has some truth value in some context or "world". A proposition is assumed to be representable (at least in principle) by a sentence in some formal or natural language. But it should not be assumed that propositions are themselves intrinsically linguistic items in the way that sentences or formulae are. Indeed, propositions are often viewed as extra-linguistic, intensional entities that (while not sentences themselves) are represented or expressed by meaningful sentences (or, on some versions of this view, by concrete tokens of sentences). On such a view it is possible for distinct sentences (either from the same language or from different languages) to express the very same proposition; e.g. 'Snow is white.', 'White is the color of snow.', 'Schnee ist weiss.' (in German), and (arguably) '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/relationAllInstance" class="cyc_term">relationAllInstance</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/objectHasColor" class="cyc_term">objectHasColor</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SnowMob" class="cyc_term">SnowMob</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WhiteColor" class="cyc_term">WhiteColor</a>)' (in CycL). Similarly, it is sometimes the case that a single sentence -- when used in different contexts -- will express distinct propositions; e.g. 'I am hungry.' said by you and said by me. Most formal languages (such as a first-order predicate calculus) and natural languages (such as English) include the resources for composing expressions that represent propositions from component expressions (that might or might not themselves represent other propositions). Proposition proposition (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/wikipediaArticleURL" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in #$Wikipedia-WebSite THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL wikipediaArticleURL prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String