]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. PropositionalInformationThing Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA pit A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (or "PIT") is an abstract object -- a chunk of information consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the informational contents of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s. Objects or events which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a> (see also the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PITOfIBTFn" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Mathematics" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>, embodied in many and various sources. propositional information A collection of microtheories. Each element is a microtheory representing knowledge, theory, hypotheses, evidence, and problems related to the semantic analysis of a data set taken from a language or group of languages. LinguisticAnalysis-Semantic semantic analysis A collection of microtheories. Each element is a microtheory representing knowledge, theory, hypotheses, evidence, and problems related to the syntactic analysis of a data set taken from a language or group of languages. LinguisticAnalysis-Syntactic syntactic analysis allegation An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Allegation" class="cyc_term">Allegation</a> is a negative, but unproven statement about someone, often stated in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Accusing" class="cyc_term">Accusing</a> event. Allegation The class of microtheories which represent the information content of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StructuredInformationSource" class="cyc_term">StructuredInformationSource</a>s. SISContent sis content LeadershipInformation leadership information AffiliationInformation affiliation information Facts, data and knowledge officially available to the public. PublicRecordInfo public record PublishedEdition-PIT published edition Each instance is a partial representation of the propositional content of a particular edition of a public work. Different editions should be reified as separate PITs. Every instance should have a specified <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/dateOfPublication_CW" class="cyc_term">dateOfPublication_CW</a>. Questions asked at interviews. interview question InterviewQuestion visual representation microtheory VisualRepresentationMicrotheory A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualRepresentationMicrotheory" class="cyc_term">VisualRepresentationMicrotheory</a> is a context containing the propositional content of a particular visual representation, where visual representations include, among other things, paintings, photographs, digitized images, moving pictures, and statues. The collection of Microtheories each of which contains assertions that convey the information content of a particular text. The propositional content of a text is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>, and it forms a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextMicrotheory" class="cyc_term">TextMicrotheory</a>. text microtheory TextMicrotheory general information GeneralInformation The collection of pieces of information about the structure (composition, suborganizations, members, ...) of an organization. OrganizationStructureInformation information about the structure of an organization WebPageMicrotheory The collection of all microtheories for stating the propositional content of web pages. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WebPage_AIS" class="cyc_term">WebPage_AIS</a>. web page microtheory SpellingInformation This unit will become fleshed out once theories of information get flushed out. Note that a whole book's worth of thesaurus info is an instance of ThesarausInformation just as is a pair of synonyms. spelling information EducationalInformation educational information The collection of philosophical theories, broadly intended: a systematic, rationally supported view of some aspect of the world. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ScientificTheory" class="cyc_term">ScientificTheory</a> is a specialization of this, so we don't intend <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhilosophicalTheory" class="cyc_term">PhilosophicalTheory</a> to capture just the extent of the academic discipline called `philosophy' in contemporary Western culture. Minimal criteria that apply to this notion: an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhilosophicalTheory" class="cyc_term">PhilosophicalTheory</a> has to be internally or logically coherent, although many such theories are in fact about the very standards by which coherence is judged. It is not required that a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhilosophicalTheory" class="cyc_term">PhilosophicalTheory</a> be empirically testable or supported, or that it be formalized or formalizable. philosophical or scientific theory PhilosophicalTheory password information pit A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (PIT). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PasswordInformation_PIT" class="cyc_term">PasswordInformation_PIT</a> is the information contained in some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PasswordFile" class="cyc_term">PasswordFile</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PasswordInformation_PIT" class="cyc_term">PasswordInformation_PIT</a> contained in a password file on some computer will contain all GAFs of the form (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/passwordForAccount" class="cyc_term">passwordForAccount</a> PWORD ACCT) for each account found on that machine. In order to obtain access to an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PasswordInformation_PIT" class="cyc_term">PasswordInformation_PIT</a>, an agent must first obtain access to a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Plaintext" class="cyc_term">Plaintext</a> copy of the password file containing the PIT. PasswordInformation-PIT The collection of all mythologies. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Mythology" class="cyc_term">Mythology</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MicrotheoryType" class="cyc_term">MicrotheoryType</a>. mythology Mythology provision Provision MentalInformation piece of mental information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MentalInformation" class="cyc_term">MentalInformation</a> is the propositional content of a specific mental state (for example, a memory or a sensory perception) of an individual person. PersonalInformation biographical data The collection of all biographical data. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PersonalInformation" class="cyc_term">PersonalInformation</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DBQueryInfoType" class="cyc_term">DBQueryInfoType</a>. phonological analysis LinguisticAnalysis-Phonological A collection of microtheories. Each element is a microtheory representing knowledge, theory, hypotheses, evidence, and problems related to the phonological analysis of a data set taken from a language or group of languages. Footnote footnote budgetary information BudgetaryInformation The collection of all pieces of information that have as their content the financial budget of some agent (organization or person). practice information PracticeInformation (AdviceFn OralSex) advice about oral sex PhaseIIBattlespaceSource-PIT phase ii battlespace source pit Each instance is a source for the phase II battlespace work being done at Cyc (winter, 1998), partially represented as a chunk of abstract propositional information in the form of a PIT (a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>). Axiom axiom FinancialInformation financial information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhysicalPrincipleMicrotheory" class="cyc_term">PhysicalPrincipleMicrotheory</a> is a context containing assertions that express some particular more or less idealized aspect of the physical universe: some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhysicalPrinciple" class="cyc_term">PhysicalPrinciple</a> (q.v.). For example, some physical principles describe how objects behave under constant acceleration, which is an idealization that discounts any frictional forces. See also the specialization of this collection, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LawOfNatureMicrotheory" class="cyc_term">LawOfNatureMicrotheory</a>. PhysicalPrincipleMicrotheory principle TelephoneListing telephone listing A collection of microtheories. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LinguisticAnalysis_Morphological" class="cyc_term">LinguisticAnalysis_Morphological</a> is a microtheory representing knowledge, theory, hypotheses, evidence, and problems related to the morphological analysis of a data set taken from a language or group of languages. morphological analysis LinguisticAnalysis-Morphological contact information ContactInformation The collection of information about how to contact (address, phone, specification of physical location) an agent or place. reputation Reputation demographics The collection of all demographics. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DemographicInformation" class="cyc_term">DemographicInformation</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DBQueryInfoType" class="cyc_term">DBQueryInfoType</a>. DemographicInformation business information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of this collection is a set of facts / data / knowledge about <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Business" class="cyc_term">Business</a> and business transactions (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BusinessEvent" class="cyc_term">BusinessEvent</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BusinessProcess" class="cyc_term">BusinessProcess</a>). BusinessInformation NewsReportsAboutFluLikeIllnesses news reports about flu like illnesses Referral referral moral Moral-AesopKind Moral of a story or fable. This piece of information is the lesson or the 'greater truth' which is a part of the larger InformationThing (usually some sort of Narrative --like a fable, a story, or a parable. FormularyInformation formulary information sis logical schema Instances represent the propositions that define the schema (not the actual content) of a structured information source. For schemas for database tables, see the spec <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LogicalTableSchema" class="cyc_term">LogicalTableSchema</a>. The axioms for interpreting a structured information source are expressed as assertions involving instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LogicalField" class="cyc_term">LogicalField</a>, which serve as prototypes for the values in the fields of the info source. The actual content of the info source, to the extent that this content is ever imported into the Cyc KB, is represented as assertions in some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. SISLogicalSchema A context in which exactly those propositions which are true in the Narrative <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/_2001_ASpaceOdyssey_TheNarrative" class="cyc_term">_2001_ASpaceOdyssey_TheNarrative</a>, are true. the conceptual work entitled "2001" (ContextOfPCWFn 2001-ASpaceOdyssey-TheNarrative) (ContextOfPCWFn TheSimpsonsMt) A context in which exactly those propositions which are true in the story of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TheSimpsonsMt" class="cyc_term">TheSimpsonsMt</a>, are true. the conceptual work entitled "Cyc's knowledge about the Simpsons" ThePeanutsCartoonMt <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ThePeanutsCartoonMt" class="cyc_term">ThePeanutsCartoonMt</a> is a context in which to describe certain facts about the characters in Charles Schulz's cartoon series known as ``The Peanuts''. Cyc's knowledge about the Peanuts Cartoon A context in which exactly those propositions which are true in context of the Penteteuch, are true. (ContextOfPCWFn Pentateuch) the conceptual work entitled "the Torah" the conceptual work entitled "Moby Dick" A context in which exactly those propositions which are true in the story of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MobyDickNovel" class="cyc_term">MobyDickNovel</a>, are true. (ContextOfPCWFn MobyDickNovel) The context of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LordOfTheRings_Trilogy" class="cyc_term">LordOfTheRings_Trilogy</a>. the conceptual work entitled "The Lord of the Rings trilogy" (ContextOfPCWFn LordOfTheRings-Trilogy) A context in which exactly those propositions which are true in the story of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn" class="cyc_term">AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn</a>, are true. the conceptual work entitled "The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn" (ContextOfPCWFn AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn) SOC Report FBI 20030420a Report Content SOCReport-FBI-20030420a-ReportContent A context in which exactly those propositions which are true in the story of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Tarzan_TheNovel" class="cyc_term">Tarzan_TheNovel</a>, are true. the conceptual work entitled "Tarzan" (ContextOfPCWFn Tarzan-TheNovel) Cyc's knowledge about the Simpsons TheSimpsonsMt The microtheory containing information about the Fox Network animated TV show 'the Simpsons'. (ContextOfPCWFn Apocrypha) the conceptual work entitled "the Apocrypha" the conceptual work entitled "the 1960's Batman television show" (ContextOfPCWFn Batman-The1960sTVShow) In this Mt go assertions that are true in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Batman_The1960sTVShow" class="cyc_term">Batman_The1960sTVShow</a>. TeletubbiesMt Cyc's knowledge about Teletubbies The microtheory containing information about the children's show <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Teletubbies_TheTVShow" class="cyc_term">Teletubbies_TheTVShow</a>. Information about this show comes from <a href= "http://www.pbs.org/teletubbies/">http://www.pbs.org/teletubbies/</a>. SOCReport-FBI-20030427b-ReportContent SOC Report FBI 20030427b Report Content SOC Report FBI 20030420b Report Content SOCReport-FBI-20030420b-ReportContent Frontline: 'Inside the Terror Network' -Web Source Source_frontline_shows_network_Mt Source microtheory holding some of the information content of the web site http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/network/ and its subsidiary sites. SOCReport-CIA-20030427-ReportContent SOC Report CIA 20030427 Report Content SOC Report CIA 20030427a Report Content SOCReport-CIA-20030427a-ReportContent Cyc's knowledge about the Simpsons (ContextOfPCWFn TheSimpsons-TVShow) (ContextOfPCWFn Frankenstein-Novel) the conceptual work entitled "Frankenstein" A context in which exactly those propositions which are true in the story of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Frankenstein_Novel" class="cyc_term">Frankenstein_Novel</a>, are true. Cyc's knowledge about the Peanuts Cartoon (ContextOfPCWFn PeanutsCartoon-CW) the conceptual work entitled "the New Testament" (ContextOfPCWFn NewTestament) A context in which exactly those propositions which are true in the story of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TheGodfather_TheMovie" class="cyc_term">TheGodfather_TheMovie</a>, are true. (ContextOfPCWFn TheGodfather-TheMovie) the conceptual work entitled "The Godfather" In this Mt go assertions that are true in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BatmanAndRobin_TheMovie" class="cyc_term">BatmanAndRobin_TheMovie</a>. (ContextOfPCWFn BatmanAndRobin-TheMovie) the conceptual work entitled "Batman & Robin" (ContextOfPCWFn BatmanTheAnimatedSeries-TheTVShow) In this Mt go assertions that are true in the context of this TV Show. the conceptual work entitled "Batman: The Animated Series" SOC Report FBI 20030415a Report Content SOCReport-FBI-20030415a-ReportContent kani:Meeting_Located_at_SGF Kani: Meeting_ Located_at_ SGF A context in which exactly those propositions which are true in the story of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Dracula_TheNovel" class="cyc_term">Dracula_TheNovel</a>, are true. the conceptual work entitled "Dracula" (ContextOfPCWFn Dracula-TheNovel) the conceptual work entitled "the Epistles" (ContextOfPCWFn Epistles) (ContextOfPCWFn FourGospels) the conceptual work entitled "the Gospel of Christ" PropositionalInformationThing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (or "PIT") is an abstract object -- a chunk of information consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the informational contents of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s. Objects or events which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a> (see also the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PITOfIBTFn" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Mathematics" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>, embodied in many and various sources. pit QA clarifying collection type The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ClarifyingCollectionType" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/QueryAugmentationApplication" class="cyc_term">QueryAugmentationApplication</a> to resolve natural language ambiguities. QAClarifyingCollectionType information and CWs topic InformationAndCWs-Topic type of object The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/properParts" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/properParts" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/genlInverse" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Automobile" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalParts" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Automobile" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Automobile" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CalendarYear" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CalendarYear" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. ObjectType A collection of collections. Each instance <code>COL</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (ANECT) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code>COL</code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/disjointWith" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code> essentially (i.e. <code>INST</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code>COL</code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code>COL</code>. Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Collection" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Integer" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Relation" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/UniqueAnatomicalPartType" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Heart" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionUnionFn" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TheSet" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PrimeNumber" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers)) This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not necessarily true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/UniversalVocabularyMt" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential PropositionalInformationThing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (or "PIT") is an abstract object -- a chunk of information consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the informational contents of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s. Objects or events which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a> (see also the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PITOfIBTFn" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Mathematics" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>, embodied in many and various sources. pit PropositionalInformationThing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (or "PIT") is an abstract object -- a chunk of information consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the informational contents of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s. Objects or events which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a> (see also the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PITOfIBTFn" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Mathematics" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>, embodied in many and various sources. pit PropositionalInformationThing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (or "PIT") is an abstract object -- a chunk of information consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the informational contents of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s. Objects or events which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a> (see also the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PITOfIBTFn" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Mathematics" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>, embodied in many and various sources. pit PropositionalInformationThing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (or "PIT") is an abstract object -- a chunk of information consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the informational contents of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s. Objects or events which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a> (see also the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PITOfIBTFn" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Mathematics" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>, embodied in many and various sources. pit context A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractIndividual" class="cyc_term">AbstractIndividual</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a> is an atemporal, aspatial, informational thing that represents a context in Cyc. Each microtheory (or 'mt') serves to group a set of assertions together that share some common assumptions; the assertions in an mt constitute the content of that mt. Note that each assertion in the Cyc knowledge base must be explicitly stated to be true in at least one microtheory. Assertions stated to be true in one mt will also be true (by inference) in more specialized mts that depend on the content of that mt. For example, if something is true in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HumanSocialLifeMt" class="cyc_term">HumanSocialLifeMt</a> (q.v.), then it should by default be true in the more specialized <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/UnitedStatesSocialLifeMt" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSocialLifeMt</a> (q.v.). Specialized microtheories are related to the more general microtheories on which they depend by the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/genlMt" class="cyc_term">genlMt</a> (q.v.). Note that every query is made in some mt, and the answer one gets to a query depends on the mt in which it is asked, since the only assertions which can be used to answer a query in an mt are those explicitly stated to be true in that mt, or in some more general mt. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ist" class="cyc_term">ist</a>, which is used to relate an assertion to the microtheories in which it is true. Microtheory A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MicrotheoryType" class="cyc_term">MicrotheoryType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MicrotheoryType" class="cyc_term">MicrotheoryType</a> include the collections <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HypotheticalContext" class="cyc_term">HypotheticalContext</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneralMicrotheory" class="cyc_term">GeneralMicrotheory</a>. type of microtheory MicrotheoryType prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String