]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. image source Mx4rv_W6CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA StillImageSource image sources physical information bearing object The "collection-intersection" (and thus a common specialization) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artifact" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StillImageSource" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HumanAccessibleIBO" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HardcopyInformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a> is an human-created <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (IBO) in a "hard" format (e.g. written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, or carved on stone) that humans can obtain information from by viewing (if there is sufficient light) without using a computer or electronic device. In many cases the information is encoded in visual symbols, whose <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationConvention" class="cyc_term">CommunicationConvention</a> must be understood by anyone who would access the information. For example, the information may be stored as English text. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HardcopyInformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a> include: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a Picasso painting, and a hardcopy of a map with no text on it. Note that this collection does _not_ include IBOs embodied in magnetic media such as tape or disk (as the information they bear is not directly accessible to someone viewing them) or Braille books (as they are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StillImageSource" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a>, whose information content must be accessed visually). HardcopyInformationBearingObject A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>. Each instance of this collection is a tangible three-dimensional work of art. Buildings are not included, even though sculptural features of buildings (such as friezes) are. Types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Sculpture" class="cyc_term">Sculpture</a> include stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded into abstract art sculptures, etc. Example instances: the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StatueOfLiberty" class="cyc_term">StatueOfLiberty</a>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MountRushmoreMonument" class="cyc_term">MountRushmoreMonument</a>, Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Parthenon" class="cyc_term">Parthenon</a>, the Buddhas at Longan. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Sculptor" class="cyc_term">Sculptor</a>. sculpture Sculpture fingerprint A collection of visual marks. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Fingerprint" class="cyc_term">Fingerprint</a> is a mark made when pressure from a manual digit leaves traces of body oils (or ink) on a surface, showing the patterns on the skin of the finger(s) that made them. Fingerprint A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Instances of this collection are approximately 2-dimensional spatial objects that are the sources (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/imageSource" class="cyc_term">imageSource</a>) of still images (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StillImage" class="cyc_term">StillImage</a>). This collection includes many specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TwoDimensionalArtObject" class="cyc_term">TwoDimensionalArtObject</a>, such as paintings (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Painting_ArtForm" class="cyc_term">Painting_ArtForm</a>), as well as spatial regions where a still visual image is displayed (such as the area on a wall where an image might be projected). Counter-examples include high-relief objects (sculptures), motion pictures, and text, though many graphics can include bits of text (and vice versa). Graphic-VisualIBT graphic fractal image FractalRepresentation A fractal representation is the result of applying a fractal function to some data (numbers) and displaying the results in a visual representation A collection of items that decorate the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Skin" class="cyc_term">Skin</a> or other surface of the body (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Tongue" class="cyc_term">Tongue</a>). Types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BodyArt" class="cyc_term">BodyArt</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Tattoo" class="cyc_term">Tattoo</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PiercedBodyPart" class="cyc_term">PiercedBodyPart</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Bodypaint" class="cyc_term">Bodypaint</a> applied to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Skin" class="cyc_term">Skin</a>, and scarring (a type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Tattoo" class="cyc_term">Tattoo</a>). BodyArt body art A collection of visual marks. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Footprint" class="cyc_term">Footprint</a> is an impression made by a foot of an animal. Footprints may be made in soft earth, clay, concrete, or on paper with paint or ink. Footprints may be made accidentally or on purpose. footprint Footprint The collection of all connected regions on an active computer screen. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SurfaceRegion_Bounded" class="cyc_term">SurfaceRegion_Bounded</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SurfaceRegion_Finite" class="cyc_term">SurfaceRegion_Finite</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StillImageSource" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SurfaceRegion_Tangible" class="cyc_term">SurfaceRegion_Tangible</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerDisplayScreenRegion" class="cyc_term">ComputerDisplayScreenRegion</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatiallyDisjointObjectType" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a>. computer display screen region ComputerDisplayScreenRegion KE clarifying collection type The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ClarifyingCollectionType" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the #$KRAKEN application to resolve natural language ambiguities. KEClarifyingCollectionType image source StillImageSource spatially disjoint object type SpatiallyDisjointObjectType A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatiallyDisjointObjectType" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> is a collection C of spatial things (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>), where each of the spatial things in C is spatially disjoint with the other spatial things in C. For example, the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Dog" class="cyc_term">Dog</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatiallyDisjointObjectType" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a>, since dogs do not spatially overlap. Even pregnant dogs do not spatially overlap the pups they bear; rather, pregnant dogs contain their unborn pups. Other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatiallyDisjointObjectType" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LatitudeLine" class="cyc_term">LatitudeLine</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CompactDisc_Audio" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Audio</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PlanetaryBody" class="cyc_term">PlanetaryBody</a>. An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatiallyDisjointObjectType" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatiallyDisjointRegionType" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointRegionType</a> (a collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeographicalRegion" class="cyc_term">GeographicalRegion</a>, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/City" class="cyc_term">City</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TrueContinent" class="cyc_term">TrueContinent</a>). image source StillImageSource image source StillImageSource BT <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> means that <code>TERM2</code> is broader than <code>TERM1</code>, in an extremely general sense of "broader". For example, <code>TERM2</code> is, in the relevant sense, broader than <code>TERM1</code> if any of the following hold: <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that subsumes <code>TERM1</code>; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection that has <code>TERM1</code> as an instance; <code>TERM2</code> is a collection, instances of which have instances of the collection <code>TERM1</code> as parts; <code>TERM2</code> has <code>TERM1</code> as a part; This list of reasons for why <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> TERM1 TERM2)</code> could hold is not exhaustive, but it should give a good indication of how general the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/broaderTerm" class="cyc_term">broaderTerm</a> relation actually is. broaderTerm VisualInformationBearingThing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artifact_Generic" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of this collection is an artifact from which information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of interpretive conventions in order to do this). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> include handwritten letters, newspapers, sculptures, television sets, and neon signs. (Thus, the information content of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>s may or may not be propositional in nature.) In the proper conditions, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> produce instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualImage" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> (which, unlike instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>, are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a>). For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualImage" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualImage" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. A notable specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StillImageSource" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a> -- sources of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualImage" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> that do not move (which thus includes all the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> given above except for the television set). See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/visuallyDepicts" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a>. visual information source TemporalStuffType type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TakingAStep" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String