]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. StuffType type of stuff A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> is a collection that is stuff-like in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is stuff-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which every part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>. More precisely, for a collection to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> it is sufficient that there be some spec-pred <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a> (that is, some predicate <code>PARTPRED</code> for which<code> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/genlPreds" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a> PARTPRED <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>)</code> holds), such that if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJECT1 OBJECT2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT2 COL)</code>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Take an instance of that, say a ten minute long period in which a person is breathing. Imagine some two minute snippet of that, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That, too, is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, since all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Take any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> -- say the water in the Pacific Ocean. Now take any portion of that water -- say a handful of it that a person scoops up near Honolulu, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That handful is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Hence <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, in virtue of the fact that all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> of all instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> are themselves instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Other examples are: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, which is stuff-like with respect <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>; <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subCharacterStrings" class="cyc_term">subCharacterStrings</a>; and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subLists" class="cyc_term">subLists</a>. These examples are somewhat exceptional -- most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>s are like the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>, for the contrasting (but not disjoint) notion of being object-like. Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA stuff type stuff types types of stuff A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are situationally stuff-like. A collection COL is situationally stuff-like just in case every sub-situation (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subSituations" class="cyc_term">subSituations</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a sub-situation of a "situational granule" of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SituationalStuffType" class="cyc_term">SituationalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s situational granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subSituations" class="cyc_term">subSituations</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CombustionProcess" class="cyc_term">CombustionProcess</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>COMBUST</code> of this collection (say the rusting of a derelict ocean liner); and then take an arbitrary sub-situation <code>SUB-COMBUST</code> of <code>COMBUST</code> (say the rusting of the longest hand-rail on the ocean liner). <code>SUB-COMBUST</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CombustionProcess" class="cyc_term">CombustionProcess</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CombustionProcess" class="cyc_term">CombustionProcess</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SituationalStuffType" class="cyc_term">SituationalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SituationalObjectType" class="cyc_term">SituationalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being situationally object-like. SituationalStuffType situational stuff type underspecified stuff type A collection of collections. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/UnderspecifiedStuffType" class="cyc_term">UnderspecifiedStuffType</a> is a stuff-like collection (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>), instances of which may bridge any of the domains of literality and metaphoricity, space and time, or physical and intangible. Each type of underspecified stuff is intensionally neutral with regard to such issues; the type exists to allow underspecification to occur at the relational level, thus releasing Natural Language (NL) semantics from the need to specify precise semantic structures when such a responsibility is essentially post-NL (i.e., one of real-world reasoning). For a more complete explanation of underspecification, please see the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/comment" class="cyc_term">comment</a> on <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/UnderspecifiedCollectionType" class="cyc_term">UnderspecifiedCollectionType</a>. UnderspecifiedStuffType A collection of collections. Each instance is a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WindProcess" class="cyc_term">WindProcess</a> whose instances all have the same direction of translation. WindProcessTypeByCompassFromDirection wind process type by compass from direction TemporalStuffType type of temporally stuff-like thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/granuleOfTemporalStuff" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TakingAStep" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. ResourceType resource type A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneticInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">GeneticInformationStructure</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Gene_GIS" class="cyc_term">Gene_GIS</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NucleicAcidSequence_GIS" class="cyc_term">NucleicAcidSequence_GIS</a> that is the abstract structure of a gene. Each instance GENE-GIS of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Gene_GIS" class="cyc_term">Gene_GIS</a> is in the relation <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/structureEncodesGenInfo" class="cyc_term">structureEncodesGenInfo</a> with an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneticInformation" class="cyc_term">GeneticInformation</a> GENE-INFO, i.e. (structureEncodesGenInfo GENE-GIS GENE-INFO) and GENE-GIS is instantiated in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Gene_HereditaryUnit" class="cyc_term">Gene_HereditaryUnit</a>. Gene-GIS nucleotide sequence of a gene The information encoded in any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneticInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">GeneticInformationStructure</a>. genetic information GeneticInformation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WindProcess" class="cyc_term">WindProcess</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breeze" class="cyc_term">Breeze</a> is a very light wind. Breeze breeze HeuristicPattern heuristic pattern A nucleotide sequence separating two <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Exon_GIS" class="cyc_term">Exon_GIS</a>'s. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intron_GIS" class="cyc_term">Intron_GIS</a>'s do not code for proteins, in whole or in part, and serve to separate coding sequences which, when joined together in an RNA molecule, code for a specific protein type. Intron-GIS intron sequence fractal image FractalRepresentation A fractal representation is the result of applying a fractal function to some data (numbers) and displaying the results in a visual representation SpaceChunk chunk of space A specialization of both #$ConnectedSpaceRegion and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ThreeDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">ThreeDimensionalThing</a> (qq.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceChunk" class="cyc_term">SpaceChunk</a> are three-dimensional portions of a three-dimensional space. This is the kind of "place" that solid objects occupy. It makes sense to speak of, or compute, the volume of such objects. An important specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceChunk_Empirical" class="cyc_term">SpaceChunk_Empirical</a>, whose instances are pieces of space in the empirical universe -- the kind of space that physical objects occupy. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Surface" class="cyc_term">Surface</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line" class="cyc_term">Line</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Point" class="cyc_term">Point</a>. ExtendedSpaceRegion A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">SpaceRegion</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PositiveDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">PositiveDimensionalThing</a> (qq.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExtendedSpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">ExtendedSpaceRegion</a> are portions of a one-or-higher-dimensional space that have an extent in at least one dimension. Important specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line" class="cyc_term">Line</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Surface" class="cyc_term">Surface</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceChunk" class="cyc_term">SpaceChunk</a>. extended region of space A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PrevailingWind" class="cyc_term">PrevailingWind</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/JetStream" class="cyc_term">JetStream</a> is a fast and narrow air current that occurs high above the surface of the Earth, just under the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Tropopause_PlanetEarth" class="cyc_term">Tropopause_PlanetEarth</a>. the jet stream JetStream FiniteSpatialThing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FiniteSpatialThing" class="cyc_term">FiniteSpatialThing</a> is a spatial thing that measures a finite <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Distance" class="cyc_term">Distance</a> in all of its dimensions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/extensionParametersOfObject" class="cyc_term">extensionParametersOfObject</a>). A finite line (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LinearObject_Finite" class="cyc_term">LinearObject_Finite</a>) has finite length; an finite surface has a finite length and finite "width"; and an finite three-dimensional spatial thing has finite length, finite "width", and finite "height". A finite spatial thing might be tangible or intangible. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InfiniteSpatialThing" class="cyc_term">InfiniteSpatialThing</a>. finite spatial thing StructuredKnowledgeSource-Complex complex structured knowledge source A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StructuredKnowledgeSource" class="cyc_term">StructuredKnowledgeSource</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StructuredKnowledgeSource_Complex" class="cyc_term">StructuredKnowledgeSource_Complex</a> isa a knowledge source that is composed of two or more subordinate knowledge sources. For example, a database that contains two or more tables is such a knowledge source. The individual database tables are the atomic components of the database. For the concept of atomic knowledge sources, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StructuredKnowledgeSource_Atomic" class="cyc_term">StructuredKnowledgeSource_Atomic</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WindProcess" class="cyc_term">WindProcess</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KatabaticWind" class="cyc_term">KatabaticWind</a> is a wind process that blows down a slope from a high region (such as a mountain, hill or glacier) into a plane or valley. KatabaticWind katabatic wind homogenous space region generic A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">SpaceRegion</a> (q.v.). A space region <code>REGION</code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HomogeneousSpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">HomogeneousSpaceRegion</a> if and only if it is of uniform dimensionality. That is, for some <code>N</code> >= 0: (i) <code>REGION</code> is <code>N</code>-dimensional, (ii) <code>REGION</code> does not include any protrusion or separated piece that is of a lower dimensionality than <code>N</code>, and (iii) there is no hole in <code>REGION</code> that is of a lower dimensionality than <code>N</code>. Thus, a two-dimensional space region is homogeneous provided it has no protruding or separated or "missing" line(-segment) or point. Note that a homogeneous space region might or might not be self-connected (see #$ConnectedSpaceRegion); thus it might consist of two or more mutually-disconnected pieces, as long as each piece is of the same uniform dimensionality. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HomogeneousSpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">HomogeneousSpaceRegion</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceChunk" class="cyc_term">SpaceChunk</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Surface" class="cyc_term">Surface</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line" class="cyc_term">Line</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Point" class="cyc_term">Point</a>. HomogeneousSpaceRegion Surface A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TwoDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">TwoDimensionalThing</a>, #$ConnectedSpaceRegion and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SurfaceRegion" class="cyc_term">SurfaceRegion</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Surface" class="cyc_term">Surface</a> is a two-dimensional portion of space, which might be flat or embeddable in a three-dimensional space. It makes sense to speak of, or compute, the area of these regions. For example, the space occupied by a flat surface belongs to this collection. Conversely, the space occupied by a solid chunk of matter (such as a sheet of rice paper) is not a space-surface, but is instead a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceChunk" class="cyc_term">SpaceChunk</a> (cf.). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Surface" class="cyc_term">Surface</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Surface_Empirical" class="cyc_term">Surface_Empirical</a>, whose instances are 2-D pieces of space in the empirical universe. Also cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line" class="cyc_term">Line</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Point" class="cyc_term">Point</a>. space surface A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KatabaticWind_Cold" class="cyc_term">KatabaticWind_Cold</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Mistral" class="cyc_term">Mistral</a> is a cold and strong northwesterly wind along the coast of the Gulf of Lyon in southern France. Mistral the Mistral A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>. Roughly speaking, a spatial thing is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LocallyEuclideanSpatialThing" class="cyc_term">LocallyEuclideanSpatialThing</a> if it has no self-intersections. For example, a line-segment is geometrically simple if it can be traced without visiting the same point twice; a two-dimensional region is geometrically simple if its boundary is simple. More formally, an <code>N</code>-dimensional spatial thing <code>THING</code> is geometrically simple if and only if, for every point in the interior of <code>THING</code>, there exists a neighborhood of the point contained in the interior of <code>THING</code> and a homeomorphism (open and continuous bijection) that maps the neighborhood onto an open subset of <code>N</code> dimensional Euclidean space. While CycL currently lacks the vocabulary to codify the formal definition, we can state restricted forms of it for certain classes of spatial things, and do so in the cases that are of immediate interest. For these, see the reified specializations of this collection. LocallyEuclideanSpatialThing manifold A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FoehnWind" class="cyc_term">FoehnWind</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NorwesterWind" class="cyc_term">NorwesterWind</a> is a warm dry wind that typically blows over New Zealand's South Island. the Nor'wester NorwesterWind Dream dream Dreams -- mental fantasy visualizations during sleep The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> that are used as raw materials for the purpose of manufacturing. RawMaterials raw materials NucleicAcidSequence-GIS An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> and a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneticInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">GeneticInformationStructure</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NucleicAcidSequence_GIS" class="cyc_term">NucleicAcidSequence_GIS</a> is an abstract chemical structure consisting of a sequence of nucleotides; each such sequence is represented as an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>, each of whose members is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Nucleotide_GIS" class="cyc_term">Nucleotide_GIS</a>. nucleic acid sequence SeaBreeze sea breeze A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/OnShoreWind" class="cyc_term">OnShoreWind</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breeze" class="cyc_term">Breeze</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LandBreeze" class="cyc_term">LandBreeze</a> is a breeze that blows from the land. PositiveDimensionalThing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThingTypeByDimensionality" class="cyc_term">SpatialThingTypeByDimensionality</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PositiveDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">PositiveDimensionalThing</a> is a spatial thing having a positive (i.e. non-zero) number of dimensions, and thus is either a one- or two- or three- (or higher-) dimensional spatial object. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PositiveDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">PositiveDimensionalThing</a>s include tangible or intangible spatially-localized objects, such as the edge of a tabletop, the surface of the tabletop, and the table itself, as well as abstract geometrical objects that are at least one-dimensional, such as a Platonic circle or cube. Excluded from this collection are geometrical <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Point" class="cyc_term">Point</a>s and any other <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ZeroDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">ZeroDimensionalThing</a>s. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PositiveDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">PositiveDimensionalThing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExtendedSpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">ExtendedSpaceRegion</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ShapedObject" class="cyc_term">ShapedObject</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PolyDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">PolyDimensionalThing</a>. spatial thing with one or more dimensions GuitarTablatureText The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MusicalText" class="cyc_term">MusicalText</a> that are written in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GuitarTablatureNotation" class="cyc_term">GuitarTablatureNotation</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GuitarTablatureNotation" class="cyc_term">GuitarTablatureNotation</a> is a notation used to describe how a sequence of musical notes is to be played on a guitar. guitar tablature the Santa Ana wind SantaAnaWind A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FoehnWind" class="cyc_term">FoehnWind</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SantaAnaWind" class="cyc_term">SantaAnaWind</a> is a warm dry wind that typically blows in Southern California weather during autumn and early winter. The collection of all (abstract) text representing a piece of music or a part of such. A written <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> instantiating a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MusicalText" class="cyc_term">MusicalText</a> [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MusicalTextCopy" class="cyc_term">MusicalTextCopy</a>] can be read by a musician as instructions as to how to perform some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Music" class="cyc_term">Music</a>. MusicalText musical score TablatureText-StringedInstruments The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MusicalText" class="cyc_term">MusicalText</a> that are written in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TablatureNotation" class="cyc_term">TablatureNotation</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TablatureNotation" class="cyc_term">TablatureNotation</a> is a notation used to describe how a sequence of musical notes is to be played on a stringed instrument. tablature A nucleic acid sequence that appears in a #$NucleicAcidMolecule, either DNA or RNA, in a eukeriotic cell. An exon is a fragment of a coding sequence which, when joined together with other exons as expressed in a molecule of messenger RNA, codes for a protein. Exon-GIS exon chemical structure A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractStructure</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractVisualStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractVisualStructure</a> (AVS) is a structure that can be discerned visually. Any concrete instantiation of a given AVS consists of a particular spatial (or spatio-temporal) arrangement of shapes and/or colors. A given AVS might have multiple instantiations. By the same token, a given concrete visual arrangment (appearing, say, on a sheet of paper or a computer monitor screen) might simultaneously instantiate multiple AVSs, corresponding to different degrees of abstractness. For example, when displaying a particular image of a sunset, my computer screen might instantiate (among others) the following AVSs: (i) an AVS such that each of its instantiations consists of a round region and a contrasting surrounding region, (ii) an AVS such that each of its instantiations consists of a round orange region and a surrounding blue region, and (iii) an AVS such that each of its instantiations consists of an image that is pixel-for-pixel indiscernable from my screen in its current state. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractVisualStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractVisualStructure</a>s can be thought of as the abstract commonality in virtue of which objects, or arrangements of objects, look the same (to some degree of granularity). Abstract visual structures can be instantiated by objects or groups of objects. Thus, a group of objects in a room, together with the room itself, instantiate shapes and colors in a certain spatial arrangement; and any group of objects instantiating all the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractVisualStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractVisualStructure</a>s as the first group would be visually indiscernible from that group. A notable specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GraphicalStructure" class="cyc_term">GraphicalStructure</a>. AbstractVisualStructure abstract visual structure A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WindProcess" class="cyc_term">WindProcess</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnabaticWind" class="cyc_term">AnabaticWind</a> is a wind process that blows up a slope to a high region from a plane or valley. anabatic wind AnabaticWind A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KatabaticWind" class="cyc_term">KatabaticWind</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KatabaticWind_Cold" class="cyc_term">KatabaticWind_Cold</a> is a cold wind that blows cold from a high to a low region. Contrast this collection with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FoehnWind" class="cyc_term">FoehnWind</a>. KatabaticWind-Cold cold katabatic wind pattern-declarative Pattern-Declarative trade wind A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PrevailingWind" class="cyc_term">PrevailingWind</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TradeWind" class="cyc_term">TradeWind</a> is a a prevailing wind in the tropics. They blow from high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes towards low-pressure areas in the vicinity of the equator. TradeWind character sequence CharacterString A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note that an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is not any particular physical, tangible representation, since different encodings may represent the same string of characters. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is a list (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>) of characters (instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Character_Abstract" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>) from some fixed character set. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> may be any finite length, including zero (the zero-length string is the empty string, which has no characters). Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EMailAddress" class="cyc_term">EMailAddress</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AreaCode" class="cyc_term">AreaCode</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhoneNumber" class="cyc_term">PhoneNumber</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TelephoneCountryCode" class="cyc_term">TelephoneCountryCode</a>. Note that a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is ordered formally as a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a> (rather than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first' character in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing. localized spatial thing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>. This is the collection of all spatial things, tangible or intangible, that can meaningfully be said to have location or position in the empirical universe. Examples of spatially-localized things include all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> things, such as trees and ships, as well as certain <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> spatial things, like the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EarthsEquator" class="cyc_term">EarthsEquator</a>. Also included are those events that can be pinned-down to specific places (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event_Localized" class="cyc_term">Event_Localized</a>), and thus all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PhysicalEvent" class="cyc_term">PhysicalEvent</a>s. Excluded from this collection are any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>s that are not localized, such as -- arguably -- purely abstract geometrical figures (e.g. a Platonic sphere). Note that a fictional or imaginary object (such as Frodo, Captain Queeg, or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HAL9000_TheComputer" class="cyc_term">HAL9000_TheComputer</a>) is typically localized with respect to the universe of the fictional/imagnary context in which it is found, and so is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing_Localized" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a> with respect to that context. SpatialThing-Localized foehn wind A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KatabaticWind" class="cyc_term">KatabaticWind</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FoehnWind" class="cyc_term">FoehnWind</a> is a warm wind that blows from a high to a low region. Contrast this collection with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KatabaticWind_Cold" class="cyc_term">KatabaticWind_Cold</a>. FoehnWind A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LinearObject_OneDimensional" class="cyc_term">LinearObject_OneDimensional</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LinearObject_Unbounded" class="cyc_term">LinearObject_Unbounded</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LinearObject_Infinite" class="cyc_term">LinearObject_Infinite</a> (qq.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line" class="cyc_term">Line</a> are one-dimensional, unbounded, infinite portions of space. They might be straight or curved. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line" class="cyc_term">Line</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line_Planar" class="cyc_term">Line_Planar</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line_NonPlanar" class="cyc_term">Line_NonPlanar</a>. And cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Point" class="cyc_term">Point</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Surface" class="cyc_term">Surface</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceChunk" class="cyc_term">SpaceChunk</a>. Line space line ribonucleotide sequence RibonucleotideSequence-GIS An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> and a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NucleicAcidSequence_GIS" class="cyc_term">NucleicAcidSequence_GIS</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/RibonucleotideSequence_GIS" class="cyc_term">RibonucleotideSequence_GIS</a> is an abstract chemical structure consisting of a sequence of ribonucleotides; each such sequence is represented as an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>, each of whose members is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Ribonucleotide_GIS" class="cyc_term">Ribonucleotide_GIS</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WindProcess" class="cyc_term">WindProcess</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PrevailingWind" class="cyc_term">PrevailingWind</a> is a long-enduring wind process with a trend to blow a particular general direction.face. prevailing wind PrevailingWind OuterSpaceRegion The collection of all regions of open, virtually empty space between astronomical objects. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FreeSpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">FreeSpaceRegion</a>. region of outer space OnShoreWind A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WindProcess" class="cyc_term">WindProcess</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/OnShoreWind" class="cyc_term">OnShoreWind</a> is a wind process that blows from the land to the sea. on-shore wind the Westerlies Westerlies-PrevailingWind A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PrevailingWind" class="cyc_term">PrevailingWind</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TradeWind" class="cyc_term">TradeWind</a> is a a prevailing wind in the tropics. They blow from high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes towards low-pressure areas in the vicinity of the equator. Sirocco Sirocco A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WindProcess" class="cyc_term">WindProcess</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Sirocco" class="cyc_term">Sirocco</a> is a strong southerly to southeasterly wind in the Mediterranean that blows in from the Sahara. off-shore wind A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/WindProcess" class="cyc_term">WindProcess</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/OffShoreWind" class="cyc_term">OffShoreWind</a> is a wind process that blows from the sea to the land. OffShoreWind spatial region A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> (qq.v.) whose instances are regions of space that exclusively act as possible locations for other spatial objects, and thus are immobile. A space region might be three-, two-, one-, or zero-dimensional; and spatial objects "occupy" such regions accordingly. Three-dimensional space regions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceChunk" class="cyc_term">SpaceChunk</a>) can be occupied by solid objects. Two-dimensional space regions (or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Surface" class="cyc_term">Surface</a>s) can be occupied by a purely two-dimensional objects. And similarly for one-dimensional space regions (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line" class="cyc_term">Line</a>s) and zero-dimensional space regions (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Point" class="cyc_term">Point</a>s). Another important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">SpaceRegion</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceRegion_Empirical" class="cyc_term">SpaceRegion_Empirical</a>, whose instances are pieces of the embedding space for spatio-temporal objects (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing_Localized" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a>). For more on spatial location and occupancy, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbsoluteLocationalPredicate" class="cyc_term">AbsoluteLocationalPredicate</a> and its instances. SpaceRegion GIS GeneticInformationStructure A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneticInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">GeneticInformationStructure</a> are the abstract structure of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneticInformation" class="cyc_term">GeneticInformation</a> that are carried in the genetic material of a BLO. For example, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Gene_GIS" class="cyc_term">Gene_GIS</a> are the abstract structures instantiated by instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Gene_HereditaryUnit" class="cyc_term">Gene_HereditaryUnit</a>. While the genetic information [see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneticInformation" class="cyc_term">GeneticInformation</a>] can be transferred, copied, inherited or expressed, it is said to be encoded [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/structureEncodesGenInfo" class="cyc_term">structureEncodesGenInfo</a>] in instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneticInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">GeneticInformationStructure</a>, which is abbreviated GIS. Instances of GIS are themselves instantiated or realized [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfGIS" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfGIS</a>] in a chemical object, where the chemical structure conforms to the abstract structure of the GIS. Each instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneticInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">GeneticInformationStructure</a> is an abstract configuration. Its structure is analyzable in terms of other fundamental structures, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Nucleotide_GIS" class="cyc_term">Nucleotide_GIS</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Nucleotide_GIS" class="cyc_term">Nucleotide_GIS</a> concatenated in lists form an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NucleicAcidSequence_GIS" class="cyc_term">NucleicAcidSequence_GIS</a>. Instances of the latter are 'meaningful' since they are the abstract structures that biochemical agents instantiate (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Gene_GIS" class="cyc_term">Gene_GIS</a>) or the abstract structure of a smaller unit that composes the biological agent (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Codon_GIS" class="cyc_term">Codon_GIS</a>). For the corresponding family of chemical instantiations of GISs, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ChemicalGeneticIBT" class="cyc_term">ChemicalGeneticIBT</a>. Note finally that the instances of the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Genome_GIS" class="cyc_term">Genome_GIS</a> are lists encoding all of the genetic information carried by one - actual or typical - individual in its genetic material, they relate to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Genome_GenInfo" class="cyc_term">Genome_GenInfo</a> that they encode via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/structureEncodesGenInfo" class="cyc_term">structureEncodesGenInfo</a>. AspatialInformationStore A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialThing" class="cyc_term">AspatialThing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntangibleIndividual" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationStore" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> is the collection of all information stores that have no spatial location. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Microtheory" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AbstractInformationStructure" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FieldOfStudy" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Although no instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> has a spatial location, some instances can have multiple spatio-temporal "embodiments". For example, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BookCopy" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInfoPropositional_IBT" class="cyc_term">containsInfoPropositional_IBT</a>); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Proposition" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> as their content (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>). information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KatabaticWind_Cold" class="cyc_term">KatabaticWind_Cold</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Bora_Wind" class="cyc_term">Bora_Wind</a> is a cold northern to north-eastern wind in the Adriatic, Greece, Russia or Turkey. the Bora Bora-Wind vacuum A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FreeSpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">FreeSpaceRegion</a> whose instances are connected regions of completely empty space (i.e. space that contains absolutely no tangible material) located in the empirically observable universe. Vacuum investment goods InvestmentGoods nightmare A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Nightmare" class="cyc_term">Nightmare</a> is a scary or otherwise negative <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Dream" class="cyc_term">Dream</a> Nightmare The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MusicalText" class="cyc_term">MusicalText</a> that are written in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BassGuitarTablatureNotation" class="cyc_term">BassGuitarTablatureNotation</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BassGuitarTablatureNotation" class="cyc_term">BassGuitarTablatureNotation</a> is a notation used to describe how a sequence of musical notes is to be played on a bass guitar. bass guitar tablature BassGuitarTablatureText Tramontane Tramontane A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KatabaticWind_Cold" class="cyc_term">KatabaticWind_Cold</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Tramontane" class="cyc_term">Tramontane</a> is a wind process that blows from the northwest to the southeast in the south of France and North Catalonia. A similar process is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Mistral" class="cyc_term">Mistral</a>. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> and a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NucleicAcidSequence_GIS" class="cyc_term">NucleicAcidSequence_GIS</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/DeoxyribonucleotideSequence_GIS" class="cyc_term">DeoxyribonucleotideSequence_GIS</a> is an abstract chemical structure consisting of a sequence of deoxyribonucleotides; each such sequence is represented as an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>, each of whose members is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Deoxyribonucleotide_GIS" class="cyc_term">Deoxyribonucleotide_GIS</a>. deoxyribonucleotide sequence DeoxyribonucleotideSequence-GIS valley breeze ValleyBreeze A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breeze" class="cyc_term">Breeze</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AnabaticWind" class="cyc_term">AnabaticWind</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ValleyBreeze" class="cyc_term">ValleyBreeze</a> is a breeze that blows up a mountain from a plane or valley. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Tuple" class="cyc_term">Tuple</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a> is a finite sequence of things with a first and last member-position, with each member-position other than the last having a successor member-position. As with tuples generally, lists allow for repetition of their members, so that the same item can appear at multiple member-positions in the same list. A list can be represented formally as a function from a finite index set of counting numbers, beginning with one, into the domain of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Thing" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>s (but note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>s are _not_ explicitly represented as functions in the Cyc ontology). Unlike an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Series" class="cyc_term">Series</a> (q.v.), a list is purely abstract (i.e. both aspatial and atemporal), and the only implied relation between an item and its successor in a list is the successor relation of the list itself. Technically, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a> is more specific than <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Tuple" class="cyc_term">Tuple</a> only in that the index set (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/tupleIndexSet" class="cyc_term">tupleIndexSet</a>) for a given list must be the counting numbers in their usual order (or some initial segment thereof), whereas the index set for a tuple, generally speaking, might be any set whatsoever. List list celestial region CelestialRegion A collection of spatial regions of the celestial sphere. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CelestialRegion" class="cyc_term">CelestialRegion</a> is a region of the sky that may be represented on a map of the sky as seen from a frame of reference which is fixed with respect to the stars. In this sense, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CelestialRegion" class="cyc_term">CelestialRegion</a> is the 'sky' analog of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeographicalRegion" class="cyc_term">GeographicalRegion</a>. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CelestialRegion" class="cyc_term">CelestialRegion</a> may be intangible. finite surface region SurfaceRegion-Finite A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SurfaceRegion" class="cyc_term">SurfaceRegion</a> (q.v.). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SurfaceRegion_Finite" class="cyc_term">SurfaceRegion_Finite</a> is the collection of all and only those surface regions that are finite in both of their (salient) dimensions. They might be flat or curved, tangible or intangible, bounded (e.g. a rectangle) or unbounded (e.g. a spheriod). Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SurfaceRegion_Infinite" class="cyc_term">SurfaceRegion_Infinite</a>. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThingTypeByDimensionality" class="cyc_term">SpatialThingTypeByDimensionality</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PositiveDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">PositiveDimensionalThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PolyDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">PolyDimensionalThing</a> is a spatial thing that has a dimensionality of two or higher, and thus is either a two- or three- (or higher-) dimensional spatial object. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PolyDimensionalThing" class="cyc_term">PolyDimensionalThing</a>s include tangible or intangible spatially-localized polydimensional objects, such as the flat surface of a tabletop and the table itself, as well as abstract geometrical objects that are at least two-dimensional, such as a Platonic cube. Specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BilateralObject" class="cyc_term">BilateralObject</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TwoDimensionalGeometricThing" class="cyc_term">TwoDimensionalGeometricThing</a>. PolyDimensionalThing thing with two or more dimensions mountain breeze MountainBreeze A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breeze" class="cyc_term">Breeze</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/KatabaticWind" class="cyc_term">KatabaticWind</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MountainBreeze" class="cyc_term">MountainBreeze</a> is a wind process that blows down from a mountain into a plane or valley. Cool peaks (relative to the lower regions below) tend to transport air downward. ExploitationTarget exploitation target land breeze LandBreeze A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/OnShoreWind" class="cyc_term">OnShoreWind</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breeze" class="cyc_term">Breeze</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LandBreeze" class="cyc_term">LandBreeze</a> is a breeze that blows from the land. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpaceChunk_Empirical" class="cyc_term">SpaceChunk_Empirical</a> and #$ConnectedSpaceRegion (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FreeSpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">FreeSpaceRegion</a> is a connected, three-dimensional region of free (i.e. virtually empty) space located in the empirical universe (see #$TheSpatialUniverse-Empirical). Note that the precise meaning of "free" or "empty" here depends on the context. In the context of subatomic physics, where "empty" is defined as containing no particles, a free space region would be a complete <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Vacuum" class="cyc_term">Vacuum</a>. In certain other contexts (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AmbientConditionsMt" class="cyc_term">AmbientConditionsMt</a>) a free space region would be one occupied by nothing but air (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Atmosphere" class="cyc_term">Atmosphere</a>). An undersea context might treat space regions filled with seawater as free. Note also that a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FreeSpaceRegion" class="cyc_term">FreeSpaceRegion</a> is intangible, and not to be confused with the material (if any) that occupies it (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FreeSpaceContent" class="cyc_term">FreeSpaceContent</a>). FreeSpaceRegion empty space A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PrevailingWind" class="cyc_term">PrevailingWind</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TradeWind" class="cyc_term">TradeWind</a> is a prevailing wind which on Earth blows from high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the north and south poles towards the low-pressure areas of the polar fronts at around 60 degrees latitude. PolarEasterlies-PrevailingWind the Easterlies LineSegment portion of a line A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LinearObject_OneDimensional" class="cyc_term">LinearObject_OneDimensional</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LinearObject_Finite" class="cyc_term">LinearObject_Finite</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LineSegment" class="cyc_term">LineSegment</a> is a finite, continuous portion of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Line" class="cyc_term">Line</a> (q.v.). It might be straight or curved. It might be bounded (i.e. have two endpoints), semi-bounded (one endpoint; e.g. noose-shaped), or unbounded (no endpoints; e.g. ring-shaped). Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LineSegment" class="cyc_term">LineSegment</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LineSegment_Straight" class="cyc_term">LineSegment_Straight</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/LineString" class="cyc_term">LineString</a>. TechnicalServiceProduct technical service product Superstrings are the posits of a string theory which takes into account boson/fermion symmetry. String theory is a class of theories which posit that the basic subatomic entities are "strings" which are have only one dimension. One interesting feature of quantum field theories of strings is that they are only non-anomalous if spacetime is assumed to have 10 (or 26) dimensions. superstring Superstring TextualMaterial document A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is an IBT a significant part of whose informational content is both (i) encoded in some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationConvention" class="cyc_term">CommunicationConvention</a> (q.v.), usually a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Language" class="cyc_term">Language</a>, and (ii) represented or displayed in a spatial format. Examples include a copy of a newspaper printed in English using the Roman alphabet, a copy of a book printed in English using Braille, and a poster written in Chinese characters. Condition (i) excludes things like hardcopies of drawings, while condition (ii) excludes things like magnetic tapes containing recorded speech. A piece of textual material always involves one or more spatially-localized representations -- usually physical inscriptions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterStringToken_Inscribed" class="cyc_term">CharacterStringToken_Inscribed</a>) -- of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s (q.v.). Textual materials are usually tangible objects (such as the examples given above), but are sometimes intangibles like patterns of light projecting words onto walls or screens. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/OfficialDocument" class="cyc_term">OfficialDocument</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/NonPublishedText" class="cyc_term">NonPublishedText</a>. Note that, while there is considerable overlap between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/HardcopyInformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>, these collections differ in that the latter both includes IBTs that involve no character-string representations and excludes intangibles of any sort. StuffType type of stuff A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> is a collection that is stuff-like in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is stuff-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which every part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>. More precisely, for a collection to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> it is sufficient that there be some spec-pred <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a> (that is, some predicate <code>PARTPRED</code> for which<code> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/genlPreds" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a> PARTPRED <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>)</code> holds), such that if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJECT1 OBJECT2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT2 COL)</code>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Take an instance of that, say a ten minute long period in which a person is breathing. Imagine some two minute snippet of that, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That, too, is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, since all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Take any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> -- say the water in the Pacific Ocean. Now take any portion of that water -- say a handful of it that a person scoops up near Honolulu, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That handful is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Hence <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, in virtue of the fact that all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> of all instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> are themselves instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Other examples are: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, which is stuff-like with respect <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>; <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subCharacterStrings" class="cyc_term">subCharacterStrings</a>; and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subLists" class="cyc_term">subLists</a>. These examples are somewhat exceptional -- most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>s are like the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>, for the contrasting (but not disjoint) notion of being object-like. StuffType type of stuff A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> is a collection that is stuff-like in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is stuff-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which every part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>. More precisely, for a collection to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> it is sufficient that there be some spec-pred <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a> (that is, some predicate <code>PARTPRED</code> for which<code> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/genlPreds" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a> PARTPRED <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>)</code> holds), such that if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJECT1 OBJECT2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT2 COL)</code>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Take an instance of that, say a ten minute long period in which a person is breathing. Imagine some two minute snippet of that, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That, too, is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, since all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Take any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> -- say the water in the Pacific Ocean. Now take any portion of that water -- say a handful of it that a person scoops up near Honolulu, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That handful is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Hence <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, in virtue of the fact that all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> of all instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> are themselves instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Other examples are: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, which is stuff-like with respect <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>; <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subCharacterStrings" class="cyc_term">subCharacterStrings</a>; and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subLists" class="cyc_term">subLists</a>. These examples are somewhat exceptional -- most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>s are like the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>, for the contrasting (but not disjoint) notion of being object-like. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionType" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FixedOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> is the collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (q.v.) Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalObjectType" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExistingStuffType" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ExistingObjectType" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. first-order collection FirstOrderCollection SecondOrderCollection second-order Cyc collection The collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>, that is, of all collections of (first-order) collections, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ThirdOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">ThirdOrderCollection</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SecondOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> are collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s. Any instance of any instance of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SecondOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Individual" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. A collection of collections. Each instance <code>COL</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (ANECT) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code>COL</code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/disjointWith" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code> essentially (i.e. <code>INST</code> is an instance of <code>COL</code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code>COL</code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code>COL</code>. Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Collection" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Integer" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Relation" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/UniqueAnatomicalPartType" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Heart" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CollectionUnionFn" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TheSet" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PrimeNumber" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers)) This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not necessarily true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/UniversalVocabularyMt" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential StuffType type of stuff A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> is a collection that is stuff-like in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is stuff-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which every part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>. More precisely, for a collection to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> it is sufficient that there be some spec-pred <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a> (that is, some predicate <code>PARTPRED</code> for which<code> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/genlPreds" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a> PARTPRED <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>)</code> holds), such that if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJECT1 OBJECT2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT2 COL)</code>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Take an instance of that, say a ten minute long period in which a person is breathing. Imagine some two minute snippet of that, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That, too, is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, since all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Take any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> -- say the water in the Pacific Ocean. Now take any portion of that water -- say a handful of it that a person scoops up near Honolulu, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That handful is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Hence <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, in virtue of the fact that all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> of all instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> are themselves instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Other examples are: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, which is stuff-like with respect <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>; <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subCharacterStrings" class="cyc_term">subCharacterStrings</a>; and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subLists" class="cyc_term">subLists</a>. These examples are somewhat exceptional -- most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>s are like the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>, for the contrasting (but not disjoint) notion of being object-like. StuffType type of stuff A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> is a collection that is stuff-like in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is stuff-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which every part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>. More precisely, for a collection to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> it is sufficient that there be some spec-pred <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a> (that is, some predicate <code>PARTPRED</code> for which<code> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/genlPreds" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a> PARTPRED <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>)</code> holds), such that if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJECT1 OBJECT2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT2 COL)</code>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Take an instance of that, say a ten minute long period in which a person is breathing. Imagine some two minute snippet of that, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That, too, is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, since all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/timeSlices" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Take any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> -- say the water in the Pacific Ocean. Now take any portion of that water -- say a handful of it that a person scoops up near Honolulu, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/parts" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That handful is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Hence <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, in virtue of the fact that all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/physicalPortions" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> of all instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a> are themselves instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Other examples are: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, which is stuff-like with respect <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/containsInformation" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>; <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CharacterString" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subCharacterStrings" class="cyc_term">subCharacterStrings</a>; and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/List" class="cyc_term">List</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subLists" class="cyc_term">subLists</a>. These examples are somewhat exceptional -- most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/StuffType" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>s are like the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Water" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ObjectType" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>, for the contrasting (but not disjoint) notion of being object-like. prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String