]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Ibt Generated A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ibtGenerated" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a> GEN-EVENT IBT)</code> means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> <code>IBT</code> (be it a gesture, a novel, a picture projected on a screen or a computer program copy) comes into existence in, or as an immediate consequence of, the event <code>GEN-EVENT</code>. Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA ibtGenerated A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBOCreation" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/iboCreated" class="cyc_term">iboCreated</a> CREATION IBO) means that the tangible information-bearing object IBO is created in the event CREATION. For example, my copy of today's morning newspaper was created during the previous night's paper-publishing event. If the "information-bearing object" generated by CREATION is not a physical object (i.e. an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>), use the less specific predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ibtGenerated" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. iboCreated Ibo Created fileCopyCreated File Copy Created (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/fileCopyCreated" class="cyc_term">fileCopyCreated</a> CREATION FILE) means that FILE is the instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ComputerFileCopy" class="cyc_term">ComputerFileCopy</a> created in the instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CreatingAFile" class="cyc_term">CreatingAFile</a>, CREATION. A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTCopying" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> (a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/copyProduced" class="cyc_term">copyProduced</a> COPYING COPY) means that COPY is the copy produced in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTCopying" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> COPYING. This predicate is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/itemCopied" class="cyc_term">itemCopied</a>, which relates copying events to items copied. Copy Produced copyProduced IBTGeneration generation of an information bearing thing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> and of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Action" class="cyc_term">Action</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> is an event which creates some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g. sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBOCreation" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a>). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. (Thus, see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> and its specializations, especially <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>.) For an analogous collection regarding instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CWCreation" class="cyc_term">CWCreation</a>. Two important specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Original" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration_Replication" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ibtGenerated" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. information and CWs topic InformationAndCWs-Topic A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ibtGenerated" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a> GEN-EVENT IBT)</code> means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> <code>IBT</code> (be it a gesture, a novel, a picture projected on a screen or a computer program copy) comes into existence in, or as an immediate consequence of, the event <code>GEN-EVENT</code>. Ibt Generated ibtGenerated A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ibtGenerated" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a> GEN-EVENT IBT)</code> means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> <code>IBT</code> (be it a gesture, a novel, a picture projected on a screen or a computer program copy) comes into existence in, or as an immediate consequence of, the event <code>GEN-EVENT</code>. Ibt Generated ibtGenerated information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/CycProgram" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PropositionalInformationThing" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ArtObject" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingObject" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfAIT" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/instantiationOfWork" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextString" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AspatialInformationStore" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualMaterial" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TextualPCW" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptualWork" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SoundInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/VisualInformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. binary role predicate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Role" class="cyc_term">Role</a>. An instance <code>ROLE</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Role" class="cyc_term">Role</a> is also an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BinaryRolePredicate" class="cyc_term">BinaryRolePredicate</a> just in case <code>ROLE</code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BinaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a>. In other words, <code>ROLE</code> is a binary predicate that relates a situation to a single individual that is involved in that situation, For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/subSituations" class="cyc_term">subSituations</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/affectedAgent" class="cyc_term">affectedAgent</a> are all binary role predicates. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BinaryRoleTypePredicate" class="cyc_term">BinaryRoleTypePredicate</a>. BinaryRolePredicate An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BinaryPredicateTypeByLogicalFeature" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicateTypeByLogicalFeature</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate</a> (q.v.). A binary predicate <code>BINPRED</code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/AsymmetricBinaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">AsymmetricBinaryPredicate</a> if and only if (i) for any <code>THING1</code> and <code>THING2</code>, <code>(BINPRED THING1 THING2)</code> implies <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/not" class="cyc_term">not</a> (BINPRED THING2 THING1))</code> and (ii) the single-argument argument type (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/argIsa" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/argGenl" class="cyc_term">argGenl</a>) constraints on <code>BINPRED</code>'s two respective argument-places are "co-satisfiable" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/cosatisfiableInArgs" class="cyc_term">cosatisfiableInArgs</a> and #$NoteOnArgumentCosatisfiabilityRequirement). Examples of asymmetric binary predicates include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/northOf" class="cyc_term">northOf</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/children" class="cyc_term">children</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/greaterThan" class="cyc_term">greaterThan</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/overrides" class="cyc_term">overrides</a>. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SymmetricBinaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">SymmetricBinaryPredicate</a>. asymmetric binary predicate AsymmetricBinaryPredicate A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IBTGeneration" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ibtGenerated" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a> GEN-EVENT IBT)</code> means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> <code>IBT</code> (be it a gesture, a novel, a picture projected on a screen or a computer program copy) comes into existence in, or as an immediate consequence of, the event <code>GEN-EVENT</code>. Ibt Generated ibtGenerated