]> 2008/06/10 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2008 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. information sender The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> is used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer of information. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> means that <code>SENDER</code> is an agent who is the source of information transferred in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> <code>TRANSFER</code>. At the time of <code>TRANSFER</code> (and typically for some period beforehand), <code>SENDER</code> conceives of the information transferred in <code>TRANSFER</code>. It's not the case that SENDER necessarily knows the 'information' or has it among his/her beliefs (see the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/knows" class="cyc_term">knows</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/beliefs" class="cyc_term">beliefs</a>), because <code>TRANSFER</code> could involve lying (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeorgeWashington" class="cyc_term">GeorgeWashington</a>'s telling his father, 'I didn't chop down the cherry tree'). Note that <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> implies that <code>SENDER</code> performs <code>TRANSFER</code> intentionally, in the sense that there is some other agent (related to <code>TRANSFER</code> via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationTarget" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a>) that <code>SENDER</code> is attempting to transfer information to via <code>TRANSFER</code>. Of course, <code>SENDER</code> may or may not be successful in transferring that information to the other agent. senderOfInfo Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA information senders challenger issuer of challenge '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/challenger" class="cyc_term">challenger</a> CHALLENGE AGENT)' means that AGENT issues the challenge in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Challenging" class="cyc_term">Challenging</a> CHALLENGE. '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/warner" class="cyc_term">warner</a> WARNING WARNER)' means that WARNER issues the warning in WARNING. WARNER may be an automatic warning device, such as a smoke alarm, or an animal emitting a warning signal. warner Warner offerer An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ActorSlot" class="cyc_term">ActorSlot</a> that relates an #$Offer to an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IntelligentAgent" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a>. (offerer OFFER AGT) means that AGT is does the offering in OFFER. Offerer issue of a military order (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/issuerOfOrder_Military" class="cyc_term">issuerOfOrder_Military</a> ORDERING PERSON) means that PERSON is the author and issuing authority in ORDERING. In such a case, it is assumed that ORDERING will have as an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/outputsCreated" class="cyc_term">outputsCreated</a> an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MilitaryOrder_IBO" class="cyc_term">MilitaryOrder_IBO</a> of which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/issuerOfOrder_Military" class="cyc_term">issuerOfOrder_Military</a> will be the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationArtifactAuthor" class="cyc_term">informationArtifactAuthor</a>. issuerOfOrder-Military agent giving permission permitter '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/permitter" class="cyc_term">permitter</a> GRANT AGENT)' means that AGENT is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> who grants permission in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GrantingPermission" class="cyc_term">GrantingPermission</a> GRANT. An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ActorSlot" class="cyc_term">ActorSlot</a> and specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/performedBy" class="cyc_term">performedBy</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/forbidder" class="cyc_term">forbidder</a> FORBIDDING AGENT) means that AGENT does the forbidding in FORBIDDING. forbidder Forbidder instructor instructor the event or role domain A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptTypeByDomain" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a> (q.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/EventOrRoleConcept" class="cyc_term">EventOrRoleConcept</a> are collections and relations having to do with general kinds of events and the roles that things can play in them. Major specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Role" class="cyc_term">Role</a>, and other relations used for stating significant facts about events (such as time, place, causes, and effects) are instances of this collection. EventOrRoleConcept information and CWs topic InformationAndCWs-Topic Agent-Generic generic agent A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/SomethingExisting" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_Generic" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> is a being that has desires or intentions, and the ability to act on those desires or intentions. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_Generic" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> may be individuals (see the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/IndividualAgent" class="cyc_term">IndividualAgent</a>) or they may consist of several <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_Generic" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a>s operating together (see the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/MultiIndividualAgent" class="cyc_term">MultiIndividualAgent</a>). Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_Generic" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Artifact_Agentive" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Agentive</a>. information sender The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> is used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer of information. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> means that <code>SENDER</code> is an agent who is the source of information transferred in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> <code>TRANSFER</code>. At the time of <code>TRANSFER</code> (and typically for some period beforehand), <code>SENDER</code> conceives of the information transferred in <code>TRANSFER</code>. It's not the case that SENDER necessarily knows the 'information' or has it among his/her beliefs (see the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/knows" class="cyc_term">knows</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/beliefs" class="cyc_term">beliefs</a>), because <code>TRANSFER</code> could involve lying (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeorgeWashington" class="cyc_term">GeorgeWashington</a>'s telling his father, 'I didn't chop down the cherry tree'). Note that <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> implies that <code>SENDER</code> performs <code>TRANSFER</code> intentionally, in the sense that there is some other agent (related to <code>TRANSFER</code> via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationTarget" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a>) that <code>SENDER</code> is attempting to transfer information to via <code>TRANSFER</code>. Of course, <code>SENDER</code> may or may not be successful in transferring that information to the other agent. senderOfInfo information sender The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> is used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer of information. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> means that <code>SENDER</code> is an agent who is the source of information transferred in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> <code>TRANSFER</code>. At the time of <code>TRANSFER</code> (and typically for some period beforehand), <code>SENDER</code> conceives of the information transferred in <code>TRANSFER</code>. It's not the case that SENDER necessarily knows the 'information' or has it among his/her beliefs (see the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/knows" class="cyc_term">knows</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/beliefs" class="cyc_term">beliefs</a>), because <code>TRANSFER</code> could involve lying (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeorgeWashington" class="cyc_term">GeorgeWashington</a>'s telling his father, 'I didn't chop down the cherry tree'). Note that <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> implies that <code>SENDER</code> performs <code>TRANSFER</code> intentionally, in the sense that there is some other agent (related to <code>TRANSFER</code> via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationTarget" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a>) that <code>SENDER</code> is attempting to transfer information to via <code>TRANSFER</code>. Of course, <code>SENDER</code> may or may not be successful in transferring that information to the other agent. senderOfInfo (SampleInstanceOfTypeForProgramFn AgentiveRole CycAnalyticEnvironment-TheProgram) Sample Instance Of Type For Program Fn agentive role the Cyc Analytic Environment Analyst-PertinentConcept An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/ConceptTypeByDomain" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a>. Generally speaking, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Analyst_PertinentConcept" class="cyc_term">Analyst_PertinentConcept</a> are concepts and relations such as are used by intelligence analysts reasoning about threat situations. Specifically, all core concepts in this domain (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/coreConceptOfDomain" class="cyc_term">coreConceptOfDomain</a>) are either 1) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BinaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, 2) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TernaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">TernaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, 3:)<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s that are asserted to be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/argIsa" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>s of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/BinaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, 4) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s that are asserted to be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/argIsa" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>s of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TernaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">TernaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, 5) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/FirstOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s that are asserted to be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/argGenl" class="cyc_term">argGenl</a>s of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/TernaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">TernaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, or 6) concepts or relations that are instances of instances of #$TKBInterfaceCollection. the intelligence analyst reasoning domain information sender The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> is used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer of information. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> means that <code>SENDER</code> is an agent who is the source of information transferred in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> <code>TRANSFER</code>. At the time of <code>TRANSFER</code> (and typically for some period beforehand), <code>SENDER</code> conceives of the information transferred in <code>TRANSFER</code>. It's not the case that SENDER necessarily knows the 'information' or has it among his/her beliefs (see the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/knows" class="cyc_term">knows</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/beliefs" class="cyc_term">beliefs</a>), because <code>TRANSFER</code> could involve lying (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeorgeWashington" class="cyc_term">GeorgeWashington</a>'s telling his father, 'I didn't chop down the cherry tree'). Note that <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/senderOfInfo" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> implies that <code>SENDER</code> performs <code>TRANSFER</code> intentionally, in the sense that there is some other agent (related to <code>TRANSFER</code> via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/communicationTarget" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a>) that <code>SENDER</code> is attempting to transfer information to via <code>TRANSFER</code>. Of course, <code>SENDER</code> may or may not be successful in transferring that information to the other agent. senderOfInfo InformationTransferEvent A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/GeneralizedTransfer" class="cyc_term">GeneralizedTransfer</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> is an event in which information is transferred from a source (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationOrigin" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>) to one or more destinations (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/informationDestination" class="cyc_term">informationDestination</a>), where the source and the various destinations are either intelligent agents or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationBearingThing" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s (IBTs). Examples include reading a book (transfer of information from the book to the reader), saying something to someone (transfer of information from the speaker to the listener), machine translation (transfer of information from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language), OCR scanning (transfer of information from a visual information source to another IBT in a different format), carving initials in a tree (transfer of information from an agent to an IBT), and making a speech (transfer of information from an agent to other agents). See also the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/InformationTransferPhysicalEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferPhysicalEvent</a>. information transfer The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Event" class="cyc_term">Event</a>s (q.v.) that are carried out by some "doer" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/doneBy" class="cyc_term">doneBy</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Action" class="cyc_term">Action</a> include any event in which one or more actors effect some change in the (tangible or intangible) state of the world, typically by an expenditure of effort or energy. Note that it is not required that any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of an action might be intangible (such as a change in a bank balance or the intimidation of a subordinate). Note also that the doer of an action, though typically an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/Agent_PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> (q.v.), need not be (e.g. a falling rock that dents a car's roof). Depending upon the context, doers of actions might be animate or inanimate, conscious or nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/PurposefulAction" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/performedBy" class="cyc_term">performedBy</a>. action Action prettyString (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Pretty String