]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. opening up Mx4rvVjZRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpeningSomething The collection of events in which some agent opens some physical object using tools or a physical or anatomical part. Not all of the entries on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/objectOfStateChange" class="cyc_term">objectOfStateChange</a> slot of a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningSomething" class="cyc_term">OpeningSomething</a> event necessarily have portals or portal coverings (think, for example, of opening a coconut or a watermelon). So at this most general level, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningSomething" class="cyc_term">OpeningSomething</a> just means gaining access to the 'inside' of some object through an 'outer' layer or portion. However, see the English of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningAContainerArtifact" class="cyc_term">OpeningAContainerArtifact</a>. will open up opens will have opened up has opened open up have opened up opening will have opened opened have opened had opened up opened up had opened will open open opens up has opened up http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-open-verb-1 unwinding a DNA molecule Each instance is a process in which the two strands of a segment of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/DNAMolecule" class="cyc_term">DNAMolecule</a> double helix are uncoupled. The first stage of a process of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Transcription_DNAToRNA" class="cyc_term">Transcription_DNAToRNA</a> is always an instance of this collection. UnwindingOfDNAHelix The collection of events in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ContainerArtifact" class="cyc_term">ContainerArtifact</a> is opened by an Agent. NOTE that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ContainerArtifact" class="cyc_term">ContainerArtifact</a> is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/objectOfStateChange" class="cyc_term">objectOfStateChange</a>, and that each such object has at least one portal, presumably with a portal covering. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningAContainerArtifact" class="cyc_term">OpeningAContainerArtifact</a> means removing the portal covering from the portal (one of the portals) of a container product. The portal of a container product can be either explicitly marked (as with an `open this end' notice on a box), or implicit but conventionally understood (as with the top or lid of a tin can). opening a product OpeningAContainerArtifact Quoted Isa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MetaLanguagePredicate" class="cyc_term">MetaLanguagePredicate</a> (q.v.) that relates CycL expressions to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SubLExpressionType" class="cyc_term">SubLExpressionType</a>s (q.v.) of which they are instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is thus like a restricted version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (q.v.), but with one important difference: the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is &quot;implicitly quoted&quot; (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedArgument" class="cyc_term">quotedArgument</a>). So a ground atomic sentence of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <b>THING</b> <b>EXPR-TYPE</b>)</code> does <i>not</i> mean that <code><b>THING</b></code> itself is an instance of <code><b>EXPR-TYPE</b></code>. Rather, such a sentence is partly self-referential, and means that the particular <i>CycL expression</i> appearing in the sentence's own first argument-position is an instance of <code><b>EXPR-TYPE</b></code>. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> provides a convenient shorthand for stating certain things that would otherwise require explicit quotation (or some other device for naming expressions). <p/> This is better illustrated with a specific example. Suppose we wish to state that the CycL constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code> is an instance of the CycL expression type <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>. We cannot express this with the straightforward <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>)</code>, as that states the falsehood that the IndianOcean itself -- which is <i>not</i> a constant but a body of water -- is a public constant. But we can express precisely what we want like this: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>) . </pre> Now <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MacroRelation" class="cyc_term">MacroRelation</a> (q.v.), and by its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/expansion" class="cyc_term">expansion</a> any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> sentence is equivalent to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence with an <i>explicitly</i> quoted first argument. The sentence displayed above turns out to be equivalent to: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Quote" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>) <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>). </pre> But the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version has two related practical advantages over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version. First, the former is syntactically simpler than the latter. Second, the simpler syntax of the former makes it easier to browse in the Knowedge Base: while the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version is conveniently indexed under the KB Browser page for the constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version would apparently be indexed under a separate, brand new page for the term <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Quote" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>)</code>. Generalizing the point, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> lets us avoid having potentially to double the number of pages currently in the browser. <p/> For the semantically more complicated (but rarely encountered) case in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a>'s first argument-place is filled with an <i>open</i> expression, see the accompanying <font color="#ff0000">#$cyclistNotes</font>. quotedIsa seeAlsoURI See Also URI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/seeAlsoURI" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> <b>THING</b> <b>URI</b>)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. opening up OpeningSomething The collection of events in which some agent opens some physical object using tools or a physical or anatomical part. Not all of the entries on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/objectOfStateChange" class="cyc_term">objectOfStateChange</a> slot of a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningSomething" class="cyc_term">OpeningSomething</a> event necessarily have portals or portal coverings (think, for example, of opening a coconut or a watermelon). So at this most general level, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningSomething" class="cyc_term">OpeningSomething</a> just means gaining access to the 'inside' of some object through an 'outer' layer or portion. However, see the English of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningAContainerArtifact" class="cyc_term">OpeningAContainerArtifact</a>. prettyString Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. event that inherently involves a change of state IntrinsicStateChangeEvent A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Event_Localized" class="cyc_term">Event_Localized</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IntrinsicStateChangeEvent" class="cyc_term">IntrinsicStateChangeEvent</a> is an event characterized primarily by a change in some intrinsic property of at least one main actor involved in the event. Such intrinsic changes may include changes of a thing's color, temperature, device state, or size. Events where the main change is extrinsic (such as a change in location or ownership) are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IntrinsicStateChangeEvent" class="cyc_term">IntrinsicStateChangeEvent</a>. In events which have more than one actor, the event may be an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IntrinsicStateChangeEvent" class="cyc_term">IntrinsicStateChangeEvent</a> for one actor but not for another. For example, in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/FasteningSafetyBelt" class="cyc_term">FasteningSafetyBelt</a> event, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SafetySeatBelt" class="cyc_term">SafetySeatBelt</a> (the device used) goes from unconnected to connected (to itself), which is an intrinsic change; however, the agent who does the fastening does not change intrinsically, but only in his configuration to the belt, an external object. Another example: in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/HairCuttingEvent" class="cyc_term">HairCuttingEvent</a>, the hair that is cut undergoes an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IntrinsicStateChangeEvent" class="cyc_term">IntrinsicStateChangeEvent</a> due to its role in that kind of event, but the barber undergoes no intrinsic change due to the hair cutting. <p/> Note that some events, such as an ice cube melting into a small puddle of water, could be represented either as an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IntrinsicStateChangeEvent" class="cyc_term">IntrinsicStateChangeEvent</a> or as a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PhysicalTransformationEvent" class="cyc_term">PhysicalTransformationEvent</a>, but not (within a single micro-theory) as both. opening up OpeningSomething The collection of events in which some agent opens some physical object using tools or a physical or anatomical part. Not all of the entries on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/objectOfStateChange" class="cyc_term">objectOfStateChange</a> slot of a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningSomething" class="cyc_term">OpeningSomething</a> event necessarily have portals or portal coverings (think, for example, of opening a coconut or a watermelon). So at this most general level, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningSomething" class="cyc_term">OpeningSomething</a> just means gaining access to the 'inside' of some object through an 'outer' layer or portion. However, see the English of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningAContainerArtifact" class="cyc_term">OpeningAContainerArtifact</a>. word net workflow constant not fully reviewed WordNetWorkflowConstant-NotFullyReviewed The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CycLConstant" class="cyc_term">CycLConstant</a>s created from the import of concepts from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/WordNet_Version2_0" class="cyc_term">WordNet_Version2_0</a> that have not yet been fully reviewed by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/HumanCyclist" class="cyc_term">HumanCyclist</a>. DurativeEventType type of durative event A collection of collections. If TYPE is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/DurativeEventType" class="cyc_term">DurativeEventType</a>, each instance of TYPE is a &quot;durative event&quot; extended through time, i.e., it endures continuously between its starting and ending points, and such points are not simultaneous. As an example, writing a letter is a durative event type, since an event of this type will (except in &quot;degenerate&quot; cases) have a distinct starting point, a period of time in the middle during which writing occurs, and an end point at which the letter is written. By contrast, winning a prize is an instantaneous change: up to the moment the event takes place, you don't have the prize, after that you do. Granted, the awarding of the prize might in fact have a physical duration, but from a conceptual or logical point of view it might as well have none. If one thinks of events as the occurrence of &quot;changes&quot;, one may regard durative events as changes that intrinsically occupy a continuous, non-zero chunk of time, and non-durative events (for which see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PunctualEventType" class="cyc_term">PunctualEventType</a>) as instantaneous changes. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CumulativeEventType" class="cyc_term">CumulativeEventType</a> is a proper specialization of this collection, because the cumulativity property (see the salient assertion for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CumulativeEventType" class="cyc_term">CumulativeEventType</a>) implies that all process types can have temporal extension. Naturally, many <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/DurativeEventType" class="cyc_term">DurativeEventType</a>s are not cumulative, but rather <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/AccomplishmentType" class="cyc_term">AccomplishmentType</a>s. AccomplishmentType type of accomplishment A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/AccomplishmentType" class="cyc_term">AccomplishmentType</a> is a type of events that include, by their nature, a 'culmination' or completion point, conceptually distinct from their mere temporal ending. Moreover, each instance of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/AccomplishmentType" class="cyc_term">AccomplishmentType</a> is 'quantized' in the following sense: if <code><b>EVENT-1</b></code> and <code><b>EVENT-2</b></code> are instances of the same instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/AccomplishmentType" class="cyc_term">AccomplishmentType</a>, then <code><b>EVENT-2</b></code> cannot be a proper sub-event of <code><b>EVENT-1</b></code>, nor can <code><b>EVENT-1</b></code> be a proper sub-event of <code><b>EVENT-2</b></code>. opening up OpeningSomething The collection of events in which some agent opens some physical object using tools or a physical or anatomical part. Not all of the entries on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/objectOfStateChange" class="cyc_term">objectOfStateChange</a> slot of a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningSomething" class="cyc_term">OpeningSomething</a> event necessarily have portals or portal coverings (think, for example, of opening a coconut or a watermelon). So at this most general level, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningSomething" class="cyc_term">OpeningSomething</a> just means gaining access to the 'inside' of some object through an 'outer' layer or portion. However, see the English of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/OpeningAContainerArtifact" class="cyc_term">OpeningAContainerArtifact</a>.