]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. teaching Teaching Mx4rvVix4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/subEvents" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer. education schooling will have taught will teach have schooled has instructed had taught taught schooled teaches instructs teaching event have instructed will have educated has educated instructing will instruct had educated school educating instructed teach instruction have educated educates will have instructed educate schools will educate had schooled teaching events had instructed will school have taught has schooled will have schooled has taught teachings educated instruct http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-education-noun-1 home buyer education HomeBuyerEducation Coaching coaching Instructing or training a performer or team of performers lesson Lesson The collection of all organized <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/temporallyContinuousDuring" class="cyc_term">temporallyContinuousDuring</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Teaching" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a> events in which one (or rarely more) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Teacher" class="cyc_term">Teacher</a> instructs one or more <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Student" class="cyc_term">Student</a>s on some material. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CourseOfStudy" class="cyc_term">CourseOfStudy</a> is comprised of a series of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Lesson" class="cyc_term">Lesson</a>s on the same general subject matter. Every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Teacher" class="cyc_term">Teacher</a> teaches at least one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Lesson" class="cyc_term">Lesson</a> and every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Student" class="cyc_term">Student</a> attends at least one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Lesson" class="cyc_term">Lesson</a>. SpecialEducationForHandicapped A collection of education events. Special education is often provided to mentally handicapped children with special educational needs. special education lecture Lecturing A collection of communication actions, a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PublicSpeaking" class="cyc_term">PublicSpeaking</a>. Each instance of this collection is an action where some primary actor(s) are mostly speaking and audience members are mostly listening. tutoring Tutoring A kind of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Teaching" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, typically performed one-on-one or at least with a small student-to-teacher ratio. scientific presentation The collection of all scientific presentations. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Teaching" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Informing" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Presentation" class="cyc_term">Presentation</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ScientificPresentation" class="cyc_term">ScientificPresentation</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SkilledActivityType" class="cyc_term">SkilledActivityType</a>. ScientificPresentation seeAlsoURI See Also URI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/seeAlsoURI" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> <b>THING</b> <b>URI</b>)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. prettyString Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. intelligent agent activity IntelligentAgentActivity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Action" class="cyc_term">Action</a> (q.v.). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IntelligentAgentActivity" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgentActivity</a> is an action, each of whose &quot;doers&quot; (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/doneBy" class="cyc_term">doneBy</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/animateDoer" class="cyc_term">animateDoer</a>s) is either an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IntelligentAgent" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> or a group of such agents (i.e. a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Group" class="cyc_term">Group</a> all of whose members are intelligent agents). Specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/HumanActivity" class="cyc_term">HumanActivity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Reading" class="cyc_term">Reading</a>. teaching Teaching One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/subEvents" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PurposefulAction" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and characterized by one or more <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/InformationTransferEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> sub-events. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PurposefulAction" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>, each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> event must be intentional on the part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/communicatorOfInfo" class="cyc_term">communicatorOfInfo</a>; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the agent playing the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/infoCommunicatedTo" class="cyc_term">infoCommunicatedTo</a> role. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>; rather Romeo (and Juliet, unaware) are engaged in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Eavesdropping" class="cyc_term">Eavesdropping</a>. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CommunicationAct_Single" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MultiDirectionalCommunication" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a>). Every event belonging to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/AudioCommunicating" class="cyc_term">AudioCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/NonVerbalCommunicating" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating" class="cyc_term">FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating</a>); by the type of information involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MakingAnAgreement" class="cyc_term">MakingAnAgreement</a>); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Teaching" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Negotiating" class="cyc_term">Negotiating</a>); by the agents involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IntraOrganizationCommunication" class="cyc_term">IntraOrganizationCommunication</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/StageProduction" class="cyc_term">StageProduction</a>). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Communicating" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents. communication Communicating ProcessType type of temporally stuff-like thing that is also a type of durative event A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SecondOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ProcessType" class="cyc_term">ProcessType</a> is the collection intersection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/DurativeEventType" class="cyc_term">DurativeEventType</a>; that is, a thing is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ProcessType" class="cyc_term">ProcessType</a> if and only if it is an instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/DurativeEventType" class="cyc_term">DurativeEventType</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ProcessType" class="cyc_term">ProcessType</a> can be constructed from instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/AccomplishmentType" class="cyc_term">AccomplishmentType</a> using <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ProcessFn" class="cyc_term">ProcessFn</a> (q.v.). teaching Teaching One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/subEvents" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer. education Education A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ServiceEvent" class="cyc_term">ServiceEvent</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event in which some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Person" class="cyc_term">Person</a> receives some considerable quantity of knowledge which they did not have before. Any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Education" class="cyc_term">Education</a> event typically consists of many sub-events of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Learning" class="cyc_term">Learning</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Teaching" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Education" class="cyc_term">Education</a> events differ from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Training" class="cyc_term">Training</a> events in their typically longer duration, and in the fact that one may be 'trained' in practical skills rather than intellectual knowledge. teaching Teaching One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/subEvents" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer. OrganizationsByFunction-Organization-Topic organizations by function organization topic SkilledActivityType This is the collection of collections of activities which require some specialized skill to perform--i.e., to play any role which is a specPred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/doneBy" class="cyc_term">doneBy</a>. So, all skilled activities are learned, but not all learned activities are skilled. For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/WalkingOnTwoLegs" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/LearnedActivityType" class="cyc_term">LearnedActivityType</a> but not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SkilledActivityType" class="cyc_term">SkilledActivityType</a>. Since every normal person learns to walk, it requires no special skill. In contrast, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Juggling" class="cyc_term">Juggling</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SkilledActivityType" class="cyc_term">SkilledActivityType</a>, for most people do not know how to juggle. skilled activity instructor instructor A collection of sub-collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Situation" class="cyc_term">Situation</a>. The instances of this collection act as suggestions when using the script editor to add a sub-situation type to a type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Situation" class="cyc_term">Situation</a>. FocalTermSceneCandidate-Intermediate intermediate focal term scene candidate for the Cyc Script Editor Required Actor Slots requiredActorSlots A typed-specialization (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/typedGenlPreds" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/rolesForEventType" class="cyc_term">rolesForEventType</a> (q.v.), whose second argument-place is constrained to instances (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/argIsa" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ActorSlot" class="cyc_term">ActorSlot</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/requiredActorSlots" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> EVENTTYPE ACTORSLOT) means that for any instance EVENT of EVENTTYPE, there is some participant ACTOR that fills ACTORSLOT in EVENT (i.e. (ACTORSLOT EVENT ACTOR) holds). For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/requiredActorSlots" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CreationEvent" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/outputsCreated" class="cyc_term">outputsCreated</a>) means that in any creation event some output is created.