]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. VisualPerception Mx4rvVjwtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> is an event in which an agent (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> (q.v.)) sees something by means of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor" class="cyc_term">ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor</a> (usually, the agent's own <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Eye" class="cyc_term">Eye</a>s) detecting wavelengths of visible light. aided visual perception have beheld seeing sees will have beheld beholding saw glimpsing had beheld will see had seen visual perception will behold sight beholds behold vision has seen had glimpsed will glimpse will have seen glimpse see have glimpsed beheld glimpses has beheld has glimpsed will have glimpsed seen have seen glimpsed Visual perception http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-see-verb-1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception color perception This is the collection of events in which the color of objects is seen. ColorPerception aided visual perception AidedVisualPerception A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a>. Instances of this collection are events in which an agent uses some device to aid in visual perception. This would include events in which an agent uses a flashlight to shine light into an area too dark for the agent to see otherwise, the use of night vision devices and the use of #$EyeGlasses to correct vision. DepthPerception depth perception Seeing with two eyes, so as to perceive depth. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Observing" class="cyc_term">Observing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving_Voluntary" class="cyc_term">Perceiving_Voluntary</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event involving the deliberate direction of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> on the part of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Agent_PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a>. See also the specialization, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/EyeContact" class="cyc_term">EyeContact</a>. WatchingSomething watching PeekingAtSomething peek SeeingInVeryDimLight-Unaided A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event in which an agent sees in conditions that are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/LitTooDarkForSeeing" class="cyc_term">LitTooDarkForSeeing</a>. How well any given agent performs instances of this collection will vary according to several factors. For example, any normal instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/FelisGenus" class="cyc_term">FelisGenus</a> will see unaided in dim lighting than any given instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/HomoSapiens" class="cyc_term">HomoSapiens</a>. Compare to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SeeingInVeryDimLight_Aided" class="cyc_term">SeeingInVeryDimLight_Aided</a>. seeing in very dim light unaided Quoted Isa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MetaLanguagePredicate" class="cyc_term">MetaLanguagePredicate</a> (q.v.) that relates CycL expressions to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SubLExpressionType" class="cyc_term">SubLExpressionType</a>s (q.v.) of which they are instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is thus like a restricted version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (q.v.), but with one important difference: the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is "implicitly quoted" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedArgument" class="cyc_term">quotedArgument</a>). So a ground atomic sentence of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> THING EXPR-TYPE)</code> does not mean that <code>THING</code> itself is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Rather, such a sentence is partly self-referential, and means that the particular CycL expression appearing in the sentence's own first argument-position is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> provides a convenient shorthand for stating certain things that would otherwise require explicit quotation (or some other device for naming expressions). This is better illustrated with a specific example. Suppose we wish to state that the CycL constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code> is an instance of the CycL expression type #$PublicConstant. We cannot express this with the straightforward <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant)</code>, as that states the falsehood that the IndianOcean itself -- which is not a constant but a body of water -- is a public constant. But we can express precisely what we want like this: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant) . </pre> Now <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MacroRelation" class="cyc_term">MacroRelation</a> (q.v.), and by its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/expansion" class="cyc_term">expansion</a> any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> sentence is equivalent to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence with an explicitly quoted first argument. The sentence displayed above turns out to be equivalent to: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Quote" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>) #$PublicConstant). </pre> But the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version has two related practical advantages over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version. First, the former is syntactically simpler than the latter. Second, the simpler syntax of the former makes it easier to browse in the Knowedge Base: while the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version is conveniently indexed under the KB Browser page for the constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version would apparently be indexed under a separate, brand new page for the term <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Quote" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>)</code>. Generalizing the point, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> lets us avoid having potentially to double the number of pages currently in the browser. For the semantically more complicated (but rarely encountered) case in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a>'s first argument-place is filled with an open expression, see the accompanying #$cyclistNotes. quotedIsa seeAlsoURI See Also URI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/seeAlsoURI" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. prettyString Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Sensors-Perception-Topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CycVocabularyTopic" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/KBDependentCollection" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. sensors-perception-topic VisualPerception aided visual perception A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> is an event in which an agent (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> (q.v.)) sees something by means of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor" class="cyc_term">ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor</a> (usually, the agent's own <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Eye" class="cyc_term">Eye</a>s) detecting wavelengths of visible light. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/wikipediaArticleName" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Wikipedia_WebSite" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME wikipediaArticleName Wikipedia Article Name Required Arg 1 Pred requiredArg1Pred A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MetaPredicate" class="cyc_term">MetaPredicate</a> for stating that every instance of a given collection is related to some thing or things by a given predicate. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/requiredArg1Pred" class="cyc_term">requiredArg1Pred</a> COL PRED)</code> means that for every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code>, there exists some sequence <code>ARGS</code> such that <code>(PRED INST . ARGS)</code> holds. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/requiredArg1Pred" class="cyc_term">requiredArg1Pred</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Organization" class="cyc_term">Organization</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/hasMembers" class="cyc_term">hasMembers</a>) means that every organization has at least one member. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/requiredArg2Pred" class="cyc_term">requiredArg2Pred</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/requiredArg3Pred" class="cyc_term">requiredArg3Pred</a>. type of mammal capability This is the collection of types of action which can be done by any normal adult <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Mammal" class="cyc_term">Mammal</a> in typical circumstances, as opposed to types of action which can be done by only some mammals. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Breathing" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> is an instance, though <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Flying_FlappingWings" class="cyc_term">Flying_FlappingWings</a> is not, because all mammals breathe but only some fly. MammalCapabilityType VisualPerception aided visual perception A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> is an event in which an agent (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> (q.v.)) sees something by means of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor" class="cyc_term">ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor</a> (usually, the agent's own <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Eye" class="cyc_term">Eye</a>s) detecting wavelengths of visible light. ProcessType type of temporally stuff-like thing that is also a type of durative event A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SecondOrderCollection" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ProcessType" class="cyc_term">ProcessType</a> is the collection intersection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/DurativeEventType" class="cyc_term">DurativeEventType</a>; that is, a thing is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ProcessType" class="cyc_term">ProcessType</a> if and only if it is an instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/TemporalStuffType" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/DurativeEventType" class="cyc_term">DurativeEventType</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ProcessType" class="cyc_term">ProcessType</a> can be constructed from instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/AccomplishmentType" class="cyc_term">AccomplishmentType</a> using <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ProcessFn" class="cyc_term">ProcessFn</a> (q.v.). VisualPerception aided visual perception A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> is an event in which an agent (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> (q.v.)) sees something by means of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor" class="cyc_term">ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor</a> (usually, the agent's own <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Eye" class="cyc_term">Eye</a>s) detecting wavelengths of visible light. TypicalHumanActivityType-AtLeastOnce typical human activity type at least once The collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/HumanActivity" class="cyc_term">HumanActivity</a> such that persons typically are involved in (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/actors" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) at least one instance of the activity type in their lifetime. perceived thing (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/perceivedThings" class="cyc_term">perceivedThings</a> PERCEPTION TANGIBLE) means that the perceiver in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a> event PERCEPTION has some perception of (awareness of, gaining information about) some sensorially detectable event or object TANGIBLE. E.g., if you are on the sidewalk and witness a car crash, the impacting event itself is almost sure to be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/perceivedThings" class="cyc_term">perceivedThings</a>, as is the car. Whereas the blinking of one car's right turn signal, the crossing of one drivers' arms in front of their face, the right foot of the driver of the car, etc. might very well not be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/perceivedThings" class="cyc_term">perceivedThings</a> by the doer of PERCEPTION. Note: we would not use this predicate to refer to `Cameron perceived the apprehension in the air when he walked in the door', as apprehension is not even partially tangible or readily available to our basic senses. Some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/perceivedThings" class="cyc_term">perceivedThings</a>, e.g. the red spot on jupiter seen while glancing in a telescope, might last longer than their perception events. Other <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/perceivedThings" class="cyc_term">perceivedThings</a>, e.g. the flash of an explosion seen while watching a movie might last shorter than the entire perception event. perceivedThings VisualPerception aided visual perception A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> is an event in which an agent (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> (q.v.)) sees something by means of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor" class="cyc_term">ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor</a> (usually, the agent's own <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Eye" class="cyc_term">Eye</a>s) detecting wavelengths of visible light. The collection of constants relating to Sensors and sense perception events. SensorOntologyConstant sensor ontology constant VisualPerception aided visual perception A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/VisualPerception" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> is an event in which an agent (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> (q.v.)) sees something by means of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor" class="cyc_term">ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor</a> (usually, the agent's own <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Eye" class="cyc_term">Eye</a>s) detecting wavelengths of visible light. Perceiving A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SingleDoerAction" class="cyc_term">SingleDoerAction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/InformationTransferPhysicalEvent" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferPhysicalEvent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a> is an event in which an agent (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a>) acquires information through the exercise of its senses. perception wikipediaArticleURL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/wikipediaArticleURL" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Wikipedia_WebSite" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL Wikipedia Article URL