]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. sight sees (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/sees" class="cyc_term">sees</a> AGENT OBJECT) means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> AGENT perceives the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SpatialThing_Localized" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a> OBJECT via the sense of sight. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/sees" class="cyc_term">sees</a> AGENT OBJECT) implies that AGENT is sensuously aware of at least some of OBJECT's visible properties, such as its color, shape, or texture. Mx4rvVjnjZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA had seen will have seen seeing sees see sights seen saw has seen have seen will see 2 Quoted Isa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MetaLanguagePredicate" class="cyc_term">MetaLanguagePredicate</a> (q.v.) that relates CycL expressions to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SubLExpressionType" class="cyc_term">SubLExpressionType</a>s (q.v.) of which they are instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is thus like a restricted version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (q.v.), but with one important difference: the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is "implicitly quoted" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedArgument" class="cyc_term">quotedArgument</a>). So a ground atomic sentence of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> THING EXPR-TYPE)</code> does not mean that <code>THING</code> itself is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Rather, such a sentence is partly self-referential, and means that the particular CycL expression appearing in the sentence's own first argument-position is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> provides a convenient shorthand for stating certain things that would otherwise require explicit quotation (or some other device for naming expressions). This is better illustrated with a specific example. Suppose we wish to state that the CycL constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code> is an instance of the CycL expression type #$PublicConstant. We cannot express this with the straightforward <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant)</code>, as that states the falsehood that the IndianOcean itself -- which is not a constant but a body of water -- is a public constant. But we can express precisely what we want like this: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant) . </pre> Now <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MacroRelation" class="cyc_term">MacroRelation</a> (q.v.), and by its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/expansion" class="cyc_term">expansion</a> any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> sentence is equivalent to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence with an explicitly quoted first argument. The sentence displayed above turns out to be equivalent to: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Quote" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>) #$PublicConstant). </pre> But the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version has two related practical advantages over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version. First, the former is syntactically simpler than the latter. Second, the simpler syntax of the former makes it easier to browse in the Knowedge Base: while the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version is conveniently indexed under the KB Browser page for the constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/isa" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version would apparently be indexed under a separate, brand new page for the term <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Quote" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/IndianOcean" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>)</code>. Generalizing the point, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> lets us avoid having potentially to double the number of pages currently in the browser. For the semantically more complicated (but rarely encountered) case in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/quotedIsa" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a>'s first argument-place is filled with an open expression, see the accompanying #$cyclistNotes. quotedIsa prettyString Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/prettyString" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. Sensors-Perception-Topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CycVocabularyTopic" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/KBDependentCollection" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. sensors-perception-topic sight sees (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/sees" class="cyc_term">sees</a> AGENT OBJECT) means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> AGENT perceives the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SpatialThing_Localized" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a> OBJECT via the sense of sight. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/sees" class="cyc_term">sees</a> AGENT OBJECT) implies that AGENT is sensuously aware of at least some of OBJECT's visible properties, such as its color, shape, or texture. PerceivingSlot A collection of predicates. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceivingSlot" class="cyc_term">PerceivingSlot</a> is a binary predicate relating a perceiver and an object or event (not a sense-datum) that s/he perceives in the mode specified by the predicate; e.g., sees, hears, smells, tactuallyPerceives, tastes. Assertions that use a predicate belonging to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceivingSlot" class="cyc_term">PerceivingSlot</a> imply that some perception event occurs during the time that the assertion holds. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a> and its subcollections. predicate describing perception SpatialThing-Localized localized spatial thing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/TemporalThing" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>. This is the collection of all spatial things, tangible or intangible, that can meaningfully be said to have location or position in the empirical universe. Examples of spatially-localized things include all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PartiallyTangible" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> things, such as trees and ships, as well as certain <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Intangible" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> spatial things, like the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/EarthsEquator" class="cyc_term">EarthsEquator</a>. Also included are those events that can be pinned-down to specific places (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Event_Localized" class="cyc_term">Event_Localized</a>), and thus all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PhysicalEvent" class="cyc_term">PhysicalEvent</a>s. Excluded from this collection are any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SpatialThing" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>s that are not localized, such as -- arguably -- purely abstract geometrical figures (e.g. a Platonic sphere). Note that a fictional or imaginary object (such as Frodo, Captain Queeg, or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/HAL9000_TheComputer" class="cyc_term">HAL9000_TheComputer</a>) is typically localized with respect to the universe of the fictional/imagnary context in which it is found, and so is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SpatialThing_Localized" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a> with respect to that context. The collection of constants relating to Sensors and sense perception events. SensorOntologyConstant sensor ontology constant A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/EmbodiedAgent" class="cyc_term">EmbodiedAgent</a> (q.v.). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent_Embodied" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent_Embodied</a> is the collection of all sentient agents. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent_Embodied" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent_Embodied</a> are embodied agents capable of performing acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Perceiving" class="cyc_term">Perceiving</a> (q.v.). In many cases information that a perceptual agent gathers through perceiving can influence certain other of the agent's actions. PerceptualAgent-Embodied embodied perceptual agent sight sees (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/sees" class="cyc_term">sees</a> AGENT OBJECT) means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> AGENT perceives the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SpatialThing_Localized" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a> OBJECT via the sense of sight. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/sees" class="cyc_term">sees</a> AGENT OBJECT) implies that AGENT is sensuously aware of at least some of OBJECT's visible properties, such as its color, shape, or texture. set argument entry format An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Format" class="cyc_term">Format</a> (q.v.) that can be specified to hold of a given predicate with respect to a given argument-place (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/argFormat" class="cyc_term">argFormat</a>). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/argFormat" class="cyc_term">argFormat</a> PRED N <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SetTheFormat" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a>) means that, for any particular way of fixing the other arguments to PRED besides the Nth, there might be any number (including zero) of things such that, if taken as the Nth argument, PRED holds of those arguments. For example, the format of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/biologicalMother" class="cyc_term">biologicalMother</a>'s first argument-place is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SetTheFormat" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a>, since a female animal might have any number of offspring. Unlike the other reified instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Format" class="cyc_term">Format</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SetTheFormat" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a> actually places no restriction at all on what PRED might or might not hold of with respect to the relevant argument-place. But one should not infer from this that entry-format assertions using <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SetTheFormat" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a> are pointless; for they forestall duplication of effort by serving notice that the entry-format of a given argument-place has previously been considered and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SetTheFormat" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a> was deemed the appropriate format. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SetTheFormat" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a> is the most commonly-encountered format in the Cyc Knowledge Base. Contrast with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SingleEntry" class="cyc_term">SingleEntry</a>. SetTheFormat sight sees (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/sees" class="cyc_term">sees</a> AGENT OBJECT) means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/PerceptualAgent" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent</a> AGENT perceives the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/SpatialThing_Localized" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a> OBJECT via the sense of sight. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/sees" class="cyc_term">sees</a> AGENT OBJECT) implies that AGENT is sensuously aware of at least some of OBJECT's visible properties, such as its color, shape, or texture. arg1Format An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ArgFormatPredicate" class="cyc_term">ArgFormatPredicate</a> (q.v.) used to place a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Format" class="cyc_term">Format</a> (q.v.) constraint on the first (or "arg1") argument-place of a given predicate. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/arg1Format" class="cyc_term">arg1Format</a> PRED FORMAT) means that PRED's arg1 is constrained to FORMAT. See the reified instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Format" class="cyc_term">Format</a> for further details. Arg 1 Format arg2Format Arg 2 Format An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ArgFormatPredicate" class="cyc_term">ArgFormatPredicate</a> (q.v.) used to place a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Format" class="cyc_term">Format</a> (q.v.) constraint on the second (or "arg2") argument-place of a given predicate. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/arg2Format" class="cyc_term">arg2Format</a> PRED FORMAT)</code> means that <code>PRED</code>'s arg2 is constrained to <code>FORMAT</code>. See the reified instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/Format" class="cyc_term">Format</a> for further details. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/MetaRelation" class="cyc_term">MetaRelation</a> used for stating that a given relation takes a specified number of arguments. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/arity" class="cyc_term">arity</a> RELN N)</code> means that that semantic well-formedness requires that <code>RELN</code> take exactly <code>N</code> arguments at a time. That is, a formula <code>(RELN ARG1 ... ARGM)</code> is semantically well-formed only if <code>M</code> = <code>N</code>. For example, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/arity" class="cyc_term">arity</a> of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/BinaryPredicate" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a> is 2. Note that full semantic well-formedness requires obeying argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/ArgTypePredicate" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>) as well as arity constraints. For a general explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CycLExpression_Assertible" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/2009/04/07/concept/en/CycLExpression_Askable" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Askable</a>. arity arity