]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm5yiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicOrganization</a>. This collection represents a generalization of the various types of academic organizations which could typically be described as schools. Notable specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpo0ncHqGQdeOwLvZU0r7Hw" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViFbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution_KThrough12</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJ4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInUniversity_DegreeGranting</a>. school School-AcademicOrganization schools <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViFbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution_KThrough12</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm5yiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicOrganization</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViFbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution_KThrough12</a> is a school which provides instruction in all or some of the grades from kindergarten (K) through high school (12th-grade) education. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViFbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution_KThrough12</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVio15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElementarySchool</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjkAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MiddleSchool</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjsgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HighSchool</a>. K-12 school SchoolInstitution-KThrough12 SchoolInstitution The collection of all schools. Some are single site organizations, while others have branches. Some are academic, while others teach skills. Some are private institutions while others are public. Rarely would any individual school be asserted to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpo0ncHqGQdeOwLvZU0r7Hw" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution</a> since so many specializations of the concept exist. academy academic unit within a university A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvnDzV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DegreeGrantingHigherEducationInstitution</a>. Each instance of this collection is a semi-autonomous (in contrast with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViWRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicDepartment</a>) organization set up by a university to provide some kind of professional degree to students (such as Business or Nursing). A typical example of such an organization is Baylor Medical School. SchoolInUniversity-DegreeGranting DB pedia OWL class DBPediaOWLClass A collection of collections. Each instance of this collection is a collection that corresponds to one of the classes in the DBPedia ontology. EducationalOrganization A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EducationalOrganization</a> is an organization whose primary function is to provide teaching and/or training as a service for students. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EducationalOrganization</a> may be either public or private institutions. Instances of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AustinISD</a> (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi5OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CityOfAustinTX</a> Independent School District), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkIB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StanfordUniversity</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCXh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BrynMawrCollege</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWbnoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniversityOfPennsylvaniaSchoolOfMedicine</a>, and many other institutions. educational organization Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a>. Each instance is an organization founded and united for a specific purpose. Institution establishment academic organization AcademicOrganization The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EducationalOrganization</a>s whose educators consist of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVidtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicProfessional</a>s. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViFbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution_KThrough12</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvac70pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HigherEducationInstitution</a> are subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm5yiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicOrganization</a> , whereas dance studios and figure skating schools are not, even though the latter have employees who educate others. Assertions about <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm5yiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicOrganization</a>s should be made in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCDGS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicLifeMt</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm5yiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicOrganization</a>. This collection represents a generalization of the various types of academic organizations which could typically be described as schools. Notable specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpo0ncHqGQdeOwLvZU0r7Hw" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViFbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution_KThrough12</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJ4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInUniversity_DegreeGranting</a>. school School-AcademicOrganization A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm5yiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicOrganization</a>. This collection represents a generalization of the various types of academic organizations which could typically be described as schools. Notable specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpo0ncHqGQdeOwLvZU0r7Hw" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViFbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution_KThrough12</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJ4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInUniversity_DegreeGranting</a>. school School-AcademicOrganization agent non geographical Agent-NonGeographical A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ro3lluGJHQdiVxrZReHS-jQ" class="cyc_term">EnduringThing_Localized</a> (qq.v.). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTamqeBNMEdqAAAACs4vPlg" class="cyc_term">Agent_NonGeographical</a> is the collection of all spatially-located agents that are not geographical (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTccApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeographicalAgent</a>). Specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ryJtzbicMEdqAAAACs6hcqg" class="cyc_term">EmbodiedAgent</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViS05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialOrganization</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViSlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalCorporation</a>. clarifying collection type ClarifyingCollectionType A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>. Instances are collections that are usefully invoked for purposes of resolving ambiguity and confusion that arise from the use of non-perspicuous languages. Suppose a human or other intelligent agent uses a language, such as a natural language, that is rife with ambiguity, and uses a word WORD of that language whose intended reference is unclear: in the context WORD might refer to THING1 or to THING2, but not both. One strategy for resolving this ambiguity is to find properties of THING1 and THING2, say P1 and P2, that distinguish them from one another, and ask the speaker whether by "WORD," s/he intended to refer to something with P1, or to something with P2. For example, the speaker might use the word "bank," and in response one might ask whether a financial institution or a piece of shoreline was meant. Clearly, what values of P1 and P2 are chosen cannot be arbitrary; asking whether the speaker meant to refer to a multi-individual agent versus a non-agentive place is not as effective as asking the speaker to choose between the "financial institution" and "shoreline" interpretations described above. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> just are those collections -- such as the collection of financial institutions -- that might plausibly be invoked to resolve cases of ambiguity of the kind described here. In particular, suppose TYPE1 is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> and TYPE2 is not, and THING is an instance of both TYPE1 and TYPE2. The fact that (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> TYPE1 <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a>) is a reason to prefer TYPE1 over TYPE2 when calculating possible clarifying properties for THING. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm5yiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicOrganization</a>. This collection represents a generalization of the various types of academic organizations which could typically be described as schools. Notable specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpo0ncHqGQdeOwLvZU0r7Hw" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViFbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInstitution_KThrough12</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJ4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SchoolInUniversity_DegreeGranting</a>. school School-AcademicOrganization A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> (q.v.). Moreover, each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a collection that is temporally stuff-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>) but physically-spatially object-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>) -- i.e. object-like with respect to some physical-spatial part-whole predicate (e.g. some specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r8a2smPXcQdiEoJhcx65EiQ" class="cyc_term">properPhysicalDecompositions</a>). Consider the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>. Further, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is temporally stuff-like: any one of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a given copy <code>COPY</code> of (say) "Moby Dick" is still a copy of "Moby Dick". (Most collections of tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this way.) But <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is spatially object-like: if we take a scalpel and slice <code>COPY</code> into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of "Moby Dick". So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>. ExistingObjectType type of object