]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. biologicalGrandmothers biological grandmother A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjZa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FamilyRelationSlot</a> that relates a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Animal</a> to its female biological grandparents. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVqaAj6xEduAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">biologicalGrandmothers</a> <b>PROGENY</b> <b>FEMALE</b>)</code> means that <code><b>FEMALE</b></code> is a female biological grandparent of <code><b>PROGENY</b></code>. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4reTPKbD6wEduAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">biologicalGrandfathers</a>. biological grandmothers 2 animal An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalKingdom</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjE1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organism_Whole</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Animal</a> are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkDMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heterotroph</a> (q.v.), and thus incapable of performing instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvp37_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Photosynthesis_Generic</a>. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. Animal CoexistingObjectsPredicate predicate relating cotemporal objects A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVmBt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CotemporalPredicate</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CoexistingObjectsPredicate</a> is a binary predicate that holds only between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>s, and holds between two things <code><b>TEMP1</b></code> and <code><b>TEMP2</b></code> at a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a> <code><b>TIME</b></code> only if both <code><b>TEMP1</b></code> and <code><b>TEMP2</b></code> temporally subsume <code><b>TIME</b></code>. <p/> For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjXU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">owns</a> is a coexisting-objects predicate. So the the fact that the sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjXU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">owns</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Curtis</font> <font color="#ff0000">#$Patches-Cat</font>)</code> is true at the time-index (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTPzcmKZtEdaAAACgycbRfg" class="cyc_term">mtTimeIndex</a>) (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjympwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">YearFn</a> 2003) entails that both Curtis and Patches were alive throughout 2003. In contrast, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">awareOf</a> is not a coexisting-objects predicate, as one can be aware of something (e.g. an historical figure) that no longer exists. <p/> Note that many reified <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CoexistingObjectsPredicate</a>s are also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InterExistingObjectPredicate</a>s (q.v.). <p/> For the most general coexisting-object predicate (which all the others are specializations of), see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rf_yLutXdQdiO-Y1LppUuUA" class="cyc_term">temporallyCoexist</a>s. Also see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOCkmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">contemporaryInArg</a>. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString female animal The collection of all female animals. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Animal</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQ-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FemaleAnimal</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQWsg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalTypeBySex</a>. FemaleAnimal biologicalGrandmothers biological grandmother A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjZa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FamilyRelationSlot</a> that relates a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Animal</a> to its female biological grandparents. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVqaAj6xEduAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">biologicalGrandmothers</a> <b>PROGENY</b> <b>FEMALE</b>)</code> means that <code><b>FEMALE</b></code> is a female biological grandparent of <code><b>PROGENY</b></code>. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4reTPKbD6wEduAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">biologicalGrandfathers</a>. AsymmetricBinaryPredicate asymmetric binary predicate An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqjtVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicateTypeByLogicalFeature</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcn7lJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate</a> (q.v.). A binary predicate <code><b>BINPRED</b></code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWVh_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AsymmetricBinaryPredicate</a> if and only if (i) for any <code><b>THING1</b></code> and <code><b>THING2</b></code>, <code>(<b>BINPRED</b> <b>THING1</b> <b>THING2</b>)</code> implies <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">not</a> (<b>BINPRED</b> <b>THING2</b> <b>THING1</b>))</code> and (ii) the single-argument argument type (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyTLHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argGenl</a>) constraints on <code><b>BINPRED</b></code>'s two respective argument-places are &quot;co-satisfiable&quot; (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMAu9NKNbQdeYcfFK9WMtAA" class="cyc_term">cosatisfiableInArgs</a> and <font color="#ff0000">#$NoteOnArgumentCosatisfiabilityRequirement</font>). <p/> Examples of asymmetric binary predicates include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvnZTBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">northOf</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">children</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">greaterThan</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViic5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">overrides</a>. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEoapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymmetricBinaryPredicate</a>. DirectBinaryPredicate direct binary predicate A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqjtVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicateTypeByLogicalFeature</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4vcWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate</a> (q.v.). A binary predicate <code><b>PRED</b></code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rFoF0ZPpoEdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">DirectBinaryPredicate</a> only if it has the property that for any sequence of the form: <p/> <pre> (<b>PRED</b> <b>X</b>_1 <b>X</b>_2) ... (<b>PRED</b> <b>X</b>_n <b>X</b>_n+1) </pre> <p/> where <code>n</code> is greater than or equal to 2, it is the case that <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">not</a> (<b>PRED</b> <b>X</b>_1 <b>X</b>_n+1))</code> holds. <p/> This is a fairly common logical property of binary predicates. Notable instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViEwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">biologicalFather</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSOrBVnV2EdaAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">successor</a>. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv09GqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaRelation</a> used for stating that a given relation takes a specified number of arguments. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> <b>RELN</b> <b>N</b>)</code> means that that semantic well-formedness requires that <code><b>RELN</b></code> take exactly <code><b>N</b></code> arguments at a time. That is, a formula <code>(<b>RELN</b> <b>ARG</b><small>1</small> ... <b>ARG</b><small><b>M</b></small>)</code> is semantically well-formed only if <code><b>M</b></code> = <code><b>N</b></code>. <p/> For example, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a> is 2. <p/> Note that full semantic well-formedness requires obeying argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>) as well as arity constraints. For a general explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWAXgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Askable</a>. arity arity biologicalGrandmothers biological grandmother A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjZa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FamilyRelationSlot</a> that relates a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Animal</a> to its female biological grandparents. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVqaAj6xEduAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">biologicalGrandmothers</a> <b>PROGENY</b> <b>FEMALE</b>)</code> means that <code><b>FEMALE</b></code> is a female biological grandparent of <code><b>PROGENY</b></code>. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4reTPKbD6wEduAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">biologicalGrandfathers</a>. The collection of binary predicates that describe a specified relation of an animal, group of animals (usually human animals), or an organization to another animal (also usually a human animal). These relations can be summed up by common nouns such as 'mother' or 'boss' or 'neighbor'. This class of predicates exists to facilitate parsing of sentences with forms such as 'X has a Y' or 'does X have a Y?' where Y is one of these relational nouns. relational noun slot RelationalNounSlot A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgC7jpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InterAnimalRelationPredicate</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjZa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FamilyRelationSlot</a> is a binary relation between certain members of (at least) human families. Instances of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">spouse</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjj6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblings</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViWLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">grandmothers</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">grandfathers</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVixsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">relatives</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViku5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">cohabitingFamilyMembers</a>. family relationship FamilyRelationSlot negationInverse Negation Inverse A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNZi3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaPredicate</a> for stating that each of two binary predicates is a logical &quot;contrary&quot; of the other's inverse. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationInverse</a> <b>BINPRED1</b> <b>BINPRED2</b>)</code> means that if <code><b>BINPRED1</b></code> holds between a pair <code>&lt;<b>THING1</b>, <b>THING2</b>&gt;</code>, then <code><b>BINPRED2</b></code> does <i>not</i> hold between the inverse pair <code>&lt;<b>THING2</b>, <b>THING1</b>&gt;</code> (and vice versa). In other words, <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationInverse</a> <b>BINPRED1</b> <b>BINPRED2</b>)</code> is equivalent to <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">not</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">and</a> (<b>BINPRED1</b> <b>ARG1</b> <b>ARG2</b>) (<b>BINPRED2</b> <b>ARG2</b> <b>ARG1</b>)))</code>. <p/> Note that any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWVh_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AsymmetricBinaryPredicate</a> is related to itself by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationInverse</a>. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationInverse</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subordinates</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subordinates</a>) holds, since if one person is a subordinate of another, the latter person cannot at the same time also be a subordinate of the former. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEKXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationPreds</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>.