]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Constitution organic law A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV1TLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Law</a>. Each instance is a law determining the fundamental political principles of a government. fundamental laws fundamental law organic laws constitutions constitution Constitution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-fundamental_law-noun-1 the U.S. Constitution The constitution of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. USConstitution the Articles of Confederation ArticlesOfConfederation The first constitution of the original 13 United States, adopted in 1781 and replaced in 1789 by the Constitution of the United States. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString quotedIsa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rDeDIGEW0EdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">MetaLanguagePredicate</a> (q.v.) that relates CycL expressions to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4raOoTci9qEdma4AACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">SubLExpressionType</a>s (q.v.) of which they are instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is thus like a restricted version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (q.v.), but with one important difference: the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is &quot;implicitly quoted&quot; (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwHb_bZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">quotedArgument</a>). So a ground atomic sentence of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <b>THING</b> <b>EXPR-TYPE</b>)</code> does <i>not</i> mean that <code><b>THING</b></code> itself is an instance of <code><b>EXPR-TYPE</b></code>. Rather, such a sentence is partly self-referential, and means that the particular <i>CycL expression</i> appearing in the sentence's own first argument-position is an instance of <code><b>EXPR-TYPE</b></code>. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> provides a convenient shorthand for stating certain things that would otherwise require explicit quotation (or some other device for naming expressions). <p/> This is better illustrated with a specific example. Suppose we wish to state that the CycL constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code> is an instance of the CycL expression type <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>. We cannot express this with the straightforward <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>)</code>, as that states the falsehood that the IndianOcean itself -- which is <i>not</i> a constant but a body of water -- is a public constant. But we can express precisely what we want like this: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>) . </pre> Now <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4oJWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MacroRelation</a> (q.v.), and by its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjg7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">expansion</a> any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> sentence is equivalent to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence with an <i>explicitly</i> quoted first argument. The sentence displayed above turns out to be equivalent to: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>) <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>). </pre> But the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version has two related practical advantages over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version. First, the former is syntactically simpler than the latter. Second, the simpler syntax of the former makes it easier to browse in the Knowedge Base: while the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version is conveniently indexed under the KB Browser page for the constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version would apparently be indexed under a separate, brand new page for the term <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>)</code>. Generalizing the point, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> lets us avoid having potentially to double the number of pages currently in the browser. <p/> For the semantically more complicated (but rarely encountered) case in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a>'s first argument-place is filled with an <i>open</i> expression, see the accompanying <font color="#ff0000">#$cyclistNotes</font>. Quoted Isa agreement Agreement A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r5bIxEILrQdmRDo8nIKJuMw" class="cyc_term">Policy</a> (q.v.). Each instance of this collection involves two or more parties who agree that certain propositions (which are the contents of a corresponding <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA1ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a> -- see the shared note <font color="#ff0000">#$AgreementNote</font>) should be true. Making the propositions true may require some action or commitment of resources on the part of one or more of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjcJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">agreeingAgents</a>. Thus, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a> will usually involve some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi_0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Obligation</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi_0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Obligation</a> differ, however, in that an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">obligatedAgents</a> is responsible for the truth of all of the propositions over which the obligation holds. In an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a> some agents may not be so responsible. For example, in a loan agreement, the borrower agrees to give the lender back the money, but the borrower is the only <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">obligatedAgents</a> for the repayment. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">obligatedAgents</a> need not be among the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjcJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">agreeingAgents</a> in the agreement that involves or generates the obligation. Moreover, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjcJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">agreeingAgents</a> aren't always <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">obligatedAgents</a>; e.g., Wanda and Paul may agree that Paul alone is obligated to do some task. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVidppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PeaceAccord</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVie8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformalAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV_9d5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessPartnershipAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorkAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MaintenanceAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPvL1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reservation</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Appointment</a>. For assertions about what is &quot;supposed to be&quot; true, given some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi4nZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ist_Agreement</a>. organic law Constitution A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV1TLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Law</a>. Each instance is a law determining the fundamental political principles of a government. organic law Constitution A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV1TLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Law</a>. Each instance is a law determining the fundamental political principles of a government. Law A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV1TLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Law</a> is a miniature <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVihYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GovernmentCOC</a> that expresses a legal requirement or restriction. For instance, one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV1TLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Law</a> might say, effectively, that bigamy is illegal. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV1TLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Law</a> is declared to be part of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXHupwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalCode</a> by using <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvZMY1ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subWorks</a>. Note that one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV1TLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Law</a> can be part of more than one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXHupwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalCode</a>. law organic law Constitution A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV1TLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Law</a>. Each instance is a law determining the fundamental political principles of a government. wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL WordNetWorkflowConstant-NotFullyReviewed word net workflow constant not fully reviewed The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzSRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLConstant</a>s created from the import of concepts from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtfZxnO-3QdibF4NWtMhnaQ" class="cyc_term">WordNet_Version2_0</a> that have not yet been fully reviewed by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanCyclist</a>. seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> <b>THING</b> <b>URI</b>)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI type of temporally stuff-like thing TemporalStuffType A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code><b>COL</b></code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> is itself an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code><b>COL</b></code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). <p/> More precisely, for a collection <code><b>COL</b></code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code><b>OBJ1</b></code> and <code><b>OBJ2</b></code> (with <code><b>OBJ2</b></code> at or above <code><b>COL</b></code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>OBJ2</b>)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>COL</b>)</code>. <p/> Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code><b>WALK</b></code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code><b>SUBWALK</b></code> of <code><b>WALK</b></code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code><b>SUBWALK</b></code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like.