]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. imam The collection of all imams. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHJG1esr5EdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">ReligiousLeader</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cleric</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMkM8wqURQdic0fH40JMnqg" class="cyc_term">Imam</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r08KLpNjmQdeUfM1TqvCQaw" class="cyc_term">ClericTypeByReligionAndPosition</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>. Imam imams

Imam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam Imam-Shiite Shiite imam In <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViP3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ShiiteIslam</a>, '<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhrESBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Shiite</a>' is meant to denote <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvlRpdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MuhammadTheProphet</a>'s descendents, whom they believe to be the true rulers of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Islam</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhrESBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Shiite</a> is supposed to provide guidance to the human race in both religious and secular issues. There can only be one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhrESBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Shiite</a> at a time, but <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViP3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ShiiteIslam</a> has not had an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhrESBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Shiite</a> since around 941AD. The last <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhrESBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Shiite</a>, Muhammad al Mahdi, has taken on a messianic role in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViP3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ShiiteIslam</a>. The congregational prayer performed in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJSZ7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mosque_Building</a> is supposed to have a leader, and this person is called '<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhEBCBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Sunni</a>'. In the standard <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SunniIslam</a> interpretation, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhEBCBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Sunni</a> is neither a profession, nor a qualification: the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhEBCBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Sunni</a> is not ordained in the manner of Christian priests. Any respected Muslim who is normally well-trained in the prayer can be an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhEBCBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Sunni</a>. In general, it is the most learned and most respected person in the assembly who is offered the honour of being <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhEBCBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Sunni</a>. Customarily, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhEAyBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Mosque_LocalCongregation</a> will have one person who regularly serves as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLHhEBCBjEdiNYwACs6hnlQ" class="cyc_term">Imam_Sunni</a> and the position often confers a great deal of informal authority. Sunni imam Imam-Sunni PersonTypeByPositionInOrg type of position A collection of collections. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is a collection representing a type of position in an organization. More precisely, each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is the collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> who typically hold that position within some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a> or other. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ryPJOODDbQdic45ams7ynvA" class="cyc_term">Scout</a> is the collection of all persons who are scouts -- e.g. people who lead people through wilderness areas or jungles. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ryPJOODDbQdic45ams7ynvA" class="cyc_term">Scout</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> because typically a scout performs those duties within the context of their employment with some organization or other. Some other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrzr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mayor</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWO8wpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CampaignManager</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Director_Movie</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-ikj5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseballShortstop</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjKbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Secretary</a>. Obviously, which position-types are filled in a given organization partly depends on the type of organization it is; thus cities have mayors while business firms do not. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is _not_ a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> (q.v.); the latter categorizes workers according to the kinds of activities they perform at work rather than the positions organization members hold in their respective organizations. The typical activities of a vice president of a toy manufacturer (e.g.) are likely to be very unlike those of the vice president of a stamp club. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> need not be a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>. Since every action is taken to be performed as part of one's job in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JobMt</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> there. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString quotedIsa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rDeDIGEW0EdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">MetaLanguagePredicate</a> (q.v.) that relates CycL expressions to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4raOoTci9qEdma4AACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">SubLExpressionType</a>s (q.v.) of which they are instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is thus like a restricted version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (q.v.), but with one important difference: the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is "implicitly quoted" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwHb_bZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">quotedArgument</a>). So a ground atomic sentence of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> THING EXPR-TYPE)</code> does not mean that <code>THING</code> itself is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Rather, such a sentence is partly self-referential, and means that the particular CycL expression appearing in the sentence's own first argument-position is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> provides a convenient shorthand for stating certain things that would otherwise require explicit quotation (or some other device for naming expressions). This is better illustrated with a specific example. Suppose we wish to state that the CycL constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code> is an instance of the CycL expression type #$PublicConstant. We cannot express this with the straightforward <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant)</code>, as that states the falsehood that the IndianOcean itself -- which is not a constant but a body of water -- is a public constant. But we can express precisely what we want like this: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant) . </pre> Now <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4oJWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MacroRelation</a> (q.v.), and by its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjg7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">expansion</a> any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> sentence is equivalent to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence with an explicitly quoted first argument. The sentence displayed above turns out to be equivalent to: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>) #$PublicConstant). </pre> But the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version has two related practical advantages over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version. First, the former is syntactically simpler than the latter. Second, the simpler syntax of the former makes it easier to browse in the Knowedge Base: while the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version is conveniently indexed under the KB Browser page for the constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version would apparently be indexed under a separate, brand new page for the term <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>)</code>. Generalizing the point, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> lets us avoid having potentially to double the number of pages currently in the browser. For the semantically more complicated (but rarely encountered) case in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a>'s first argument-place is filled with an open expression, see the accompanying #$cyclistNotes. Quoted Isa StubTerm stub Cyc term Instancehood in this collection indicates that the reified term is a stub, i.e. it is not fully fleshed out in terms of definitional info and/or documentation. Cleric A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj4GZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReligiousPerson</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cleric</a> is a religious leader, typically in charge of some congregation (for instance, a synagogue, temple, mosque, or church). Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cleric</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvy3wrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rabbi</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVrx15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Priest</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvexJ0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mullah</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVuVWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Minister</a>. clergyman The collection of all imams. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHJG1esr5EdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">ReligiousLeader</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cleric</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMkM8wqURQdic0fH40JMnqg" class="cyc_term">Imam</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r08KLpNjmQdeUfM1TqvCQaw" class="cyc_term">ClericTypeByReligionAndPosition</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>. imam Imam The collection of all imams. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHJG1esr5EdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">ReligiousLeader</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cleric</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMkM8wqURQdic0fH40JMnqg" class="cyc_term">Imam</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r08KLpNjmQdeUfM1TqvCQaw" class="cyc_term">ClericTypeByReligionAndPosition</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>. imam Imam The collection of all imams. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHJG1esr5EdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">ReligiousLeader</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cleric</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMkM8wqURQdic0fH40JMnqg" class="cyc_term">Imam</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r08KLpNjmQdeUfM1TqvCQaw" class="cyc_term">ClericTypeByReligionAndPosition</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>. imam Imam This is a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rO7TvVi85QdiYBLTS_pYTWA" class="cyc_term">StubTerm</a>s whose stubbiness is particularly egregious. Instancehood in this collection means that the reified term is very insufficiently ontologized and needs further attention from an ontologist. It might mean that the necessary vocabulary for properly defining the term does not even exist. poorly ontologized Cyc term PoorlyOntologized A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj4GZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReligiousPerson</a>. Each instance is a leader of a religious order. ReligiousLeader religious leader wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL cleric type by religion and position A collection of collections. Each instance is a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cleric</a> whose instances are all of the same religion and position. ClericTypeByReligionAndPosition