]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. antidote antidote An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWVL55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rp2Kv6Ks4QdeeQ-fBl8uxEw" class="cyc_term">antidote</a> POISON-TYPE ANTIDOTE-TYPE) says that ANTIDOTE-TYPE is an antidote for POISON-TYPE. That is, ailments due to exposure to POISON-TYPE can be minimized or counteracted by the introduction of instances of ANTIDOTE-TYPE into the maleficiary's system. antidotes 2 Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString arg1Genl A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWGmR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgGenlPredicate</a> (q.v.). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arg1Genl</a> RELN COL)</code> means that semantic well-formedness requires that anything given as the first argument to <code>RELN</code> must be a subcollection of <code>COL</code>. That is, <code>(RELN ARG1</code> ...) is semantically well-formed only if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> ARG1 COL)</code> holds. For an explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a> and its specializations. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyTLHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argGenl</a> for a similar but more flexible ternary predicate. Arg 1 Genl Arg 2 Genl A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWGmR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgGenlPredicate</a> (q.v.). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjc2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arg2Genl</a> RELN COL)</code> means that semantic well-formedness requires that anything given as the second argument to <code>RELN</code> must be a subcollection of <code>COL</code>. That is, <code>(RELN ARG1 ARG2</code> ...) is semantically well-formed only if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a> ARG2 COL)</code> holds. For an explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a> and its specializations. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyTLHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argGenl</a> for a similar but more flexible ternary predicate. arg2Genl The collection of substances that are toxic or poisonous to humans toxic substance ToxicSubstance irreflexive binary predicate The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a>s that are irreflexive. A binary predicate <code>PRED</code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWVL55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate</a> only if, for every <code>THING</code> that satisfies the single-argument type-constraints (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyTLHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argGenl</a>s; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQVpy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">admittedArgument</a>) on both of <code>PRED</code>'s argument-places, <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">not</a> (PRED THING THING))</code> holds. To rule out "vacuous" cases, there is an additional necessary condition for irreflexivity: the constraints on <code>PRED</code>'s two argument-places must be co-satisfiable (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMAu9NKNbQdeYcfFK9WMtAA" class="cyc_term">cosatisfiableInArgs</a>). Without this requirement, any binary predicate whose arguments were constrained in mutually-disjoint ways would trivially (and counterintuitively) count as irreflexive. See #$NoteOnArgumentCosatisfiabilityRequirement Examples of irreflexive binary predicates include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">spouse</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkK9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">causes_ThingProp</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvnZTBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">northOf</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjV25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">temporallyDisjoint</a>. IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate antidote antidote An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWVL55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rp2Kv6Ks4QdeeQ-fBl8uxEw" class="cyc_term">antidote</a> POISON-TYPE ANTIDOTE-TYPE) says that ANTIDOTE-TYPE is an antidote for POISON-TYPE. That is, ailments due to exposure to POISON-TYPE can be minimized or counteracted by the introduction of instances of ANTIDOTE-TYPE into the maleficiary's system. The collection of binary predicates that describe a specified relation of an animal, group of animals (usually human animals), or an organization to another animal (also usually a human animal). These relations can be summed up by common nouns such as 'mother' or 'boss' or 'neighbor'. This class of predicates exists to facilitate parsing of sentences with forms such as 'X has a Y' or 'does X have a Y?' where Y is one of these relational nouns. relational noun slot RelationalNounSlot ExistingStuffType type of temporally and spatially stuff-like thing A collection of collections, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a> is a collection of things (including portions of things) which are both temporally and spatially stufflike. Division in time or space does not destroy the stufflike quality of the object (down to a certain granularity). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> STUFFTYPE <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>)</code> implies both (i) for most instances <code>STUFF</code> of <code>STUFFTYPE</code>, for any proper physical part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r8a2smPXcQdiEoJhcx65EiQ" class="cyc_term">properPhysicalDecompositions</a>) <code>PART</code> of <code>STUFF</code>, <code>PART</code> is also an instance of <code>STUFFTYPE</code> and (ii) for all instances <code>STUFF</code> of <code>STUFFTYPE</code>, for most proper physical parts <code>PART</code> of <code>STUFF</code>, <code>PART</code> is also an instance of <code>STUFFTYPE</code>. For example, every piece of wood is temporally stufflike: if W-168 is a piece of wood during 1996, then it's also a piece of wood for the one-minute time-slice 9:05am 7/7/96. It's also spatially stufflike: if we take that piece of wood W-168 and cut it in half, we have two things which are both pieces of wood. Since every piece of wood is both temporally and spatially stufflike, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVimxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Wood</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>. Other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a> include the collections #$AppleJuice, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj1EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IceCream</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgC2UJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Diamond</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCaCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WaxedPaper</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAoze5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StriatedMuscle</a>. See the comment for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> to learn more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. A subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ro3lluGJHQdiVxrZReHS-jQ" class="cyc_term">EnduringThing_Localized</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> has a tangible (i.e. material) part and a temporal extent (i.e. it exists in time). It might or might not also have an intangible part. For example, a particular copy of a book is made of matter, has temporal extent, and also has an intangible part: the information content of the text markings on its pages. tangible thing PartiallyTangible A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv09GqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaRelation</a> used for stating that a given relation takes a specified number of arguments. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> RELN N)</code> means that that semantic well-formedness requires that <code>RELN</code> take exactly <code>N</code> arguments at a time. That is, a formula <code>(RELN ARG1 ... ARGM)</code> is semantically well-formed only if <code>M</code> = <code>N</code>. For example, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a> is 2. Note that full semantic well-formedness requires obeying argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>) as well as arity constraints. For a general explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWAXgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Askable</a>. arity arity