]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A collection of chemical compounds containing carbon. OrganicCompound organic compound organic molecule organic compounds organic molecules Organic compound http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound a white, bitter, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riSYy-HS_EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Crystalline</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkK35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Alkaloid</a>, the most important narcotic and addictive constituent of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViu8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Opium</a>, obtained by extraction and crystallization and used chiefly in medicine as a pain reliever and sedative. Morphine morphine A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7aNXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicCompound</a>. Sub-collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rsi9vREF_EdqAAAACs4vPlg" class="cyc_term">Neuromodulator</a> are substances that are released from neurons and which affect the behavior of other neurons. Neuromodulators tend to reside in the medium outside of neurons (the cerebro-spinal fuild) and are not absorbed and metabolized by neurons in the manner that is characteristic of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJcaM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Neurotransmitter</a>. However, that is not a hard distinction and these collections are not disjoint. neuromodulator Neuromodulator carbide A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7aNXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicCompound</a>. Instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rk5yL3nXLQdeH66P-5upxjw" class="cyc_term">Carbide</a> are binary solid compounds of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIQpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Carbon</a> with another element. Carbide cholinesterase inhibiting substance The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViTUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ToxicSubstance</a>s that can react with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rD8MKQ1upEdeFCAACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">Acetylcholinesterase</a> in an animal's <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViT_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NervousSystem</a>. In sufficient dosages, instance of this collection can induce <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rD8NYY1upEdeFCAACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">AcetylcholinePoisoning</a>. CholinesteraseInhibitingSubstance ether Ether A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7aNXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicCompound</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r40VRWKBKQdeUrcaTltZkkg" class="cyc_term">Ether</a> is a chemical compound whose molecular composition consists of an oxygen atom interposed between two carbon atoms. peptide chain PeptideChain The collection of all molecular chains consisting of two or more <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>s. Instances include both independent molecules (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtD6oJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PeptideMolecule</a>) and segments of lengthier <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtD6oJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PeptideMolecule</a>s. 4-(methylsulfonyl) benzenepropanoic acid 4-MethylSulfonylBenzenePropanoicAcid An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7aNXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicCompound</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rh3M6-guWQdeEgeYEjJYjWw" class="cyc_term">_MethylSulfonylBenzenePropanoicAcid</a> is a sample of C10H12O4S. lactic acid The collection of samples of lactic acid; HC3H5O3. LacticAcid ketone Ketones are organic molecules consisting of a carbonyl radical (C = O) bonded to two other carbon radicals, wherein the two available carbon bonds of the carbonyl are used to attach the carbon atoms of the other radicals. One good example is acetone (a.k.a. dimethyl ketone), in which the carbon atom of the carbonyl is attached to the carbon atoms of two methyl radicals CH3- . The resulting formula is CO(CH3)2. Ketone acetate Acetate Acetate is a substance formed from instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCaM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AceticAcid</a>; it is a salt or an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQ_uhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ester</a>. nitrogen mustard NitrogenMustard The collection of all chemical substances belonging to the nitrogen mustard group. Notable specs include HN2, which is not only a chemical warfare agent (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rQwYgPmw2QdeJtpwghAAgPg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalAgentType</a>), but is used to treat cancer. A specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7aNXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicCompound</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rGN21VPNrQdaFTLjWAvVV2g" class="cyc_term">BariumCarbonate</a> are composed of one atom of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Barium</a>, one atom of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIQpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Carbon</a> and three atoms of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oxygen</a>. BariumCarbonate barium carbonate melanin The collection of all melanin, a pigment found in skin, eyes, and hair of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVil5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Vertebrate</a>s. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rcSHyTp88EdaAAACgycbRww" class="cyc_term">Melanin</a> protects skin from ultraviolet light, and naturally occurs in higher concentrations in ethnic groups native to the tropics than in those native to higher latitudes. The lack of melanin in the body causes albinism. Melanin The collection of all chemical substances released by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjjUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Neuron</a>s to stimulate neighbouring neurons, thus allowing impulses to be passed from one cell to the next throughout the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViT_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NervousSystem</a>. Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvr2UTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Norepinephrine</a>, dopamine, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rD8MxUVupEdeFCAACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">Acetylcholine</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_eO4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Serotonin</a>. neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter butorphanol tartrate The chemical compound which is an anti-migraine agent. This drug is also used to relieve other pain and can be used as a preoperative or preanesthetic medication. ButorphanolTartrate phentermine A stimulant similar to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1bk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Amphetamine</a>s used as a weight-loss aid, often in combination with fenfluramine. The combination is commonly referred to as 'fen/phen'. Phentermine A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7aNXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicCompound</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rQszp1ip9QdeYd_YRSf1RYg" class="cyc_term">Chlorofluorocarbon</a> is a sample of a compound comprised of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi1jJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Freon</a>. CFC Chlorofluorocarbon A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7aNXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicCompound</a>. Each instance of this collection is a sample of N(CH)4CH. pyridine Pyridine Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString polycompound chemical type The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjNlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalSubstanceType</a> whose instances contain molecules of different instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvUCoPtoTQdaZVdw2OtjsAg" class="cyc_term">ChemicalCompoundTypeByChemicalSpecies</a>. PolyCompoundChemicalType A collection of chemical compounds containing carbon. organic compound OrganicCompound A predicate that is used to make exceptions to constraints normally imposed by some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rk8dxOFcGEdaLwgACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointSetOrCollectionType</a> (qq.v.). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> <b>SETORCOL1</b> <b>SETORCOL2</b>)</code> means that the pair consisting of <code><b>SETORCOL1</b></code> and <code><b>SETORCOL2</b></code> is exempt from the disjointness constraint that would otherwise be imposed because those set-or-collections are both elements of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rk8dxOFcGEdaLwgACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointSetOrCollectionType</a>. (See these collections' comments for a full explanation of the constraints.) <p/> For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SensoryNerve</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CranialNerve</a> are both instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwKTnSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganismPartType</a>, which in turn is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a>. Consequently, since <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SensoryNerve</a> is not a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CranialNerve</a> (or vice versa), the two collections have a default disjointness constraint placed between them. However, such a disjointness constraint should be blocked, since any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OpticNerve</a> is an instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SensoryNerve</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CranialNerve</a>. By asserting <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SensoryNerve</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CranialNerve</a>)</code>, we block the disjointness constraint between those two collections, without disturbing the constraints between each of those collections and all their other (sibling) instances of the parent collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwKTnSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganismPartType</a>. Sibling Disjoint Exceptions siblingDisjointExceptions The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the <font color="#ff0000">#$KRAKEN</font> application to resolve natural language ambiguities. KE clarifying collection type KEClarifyingCollectionType Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL A collection of chemical compounds containing carbon. organic compound OrganicCompound The collection of all chemically bonded ionic compounds, which may be macroscopic crystals. No distinct molecules appear in such a substance. An ionic compound may dissolve in a polar liquid forming ions, not molecules. ionic compound IonicCompound A collection of chemical compounds containing carbon. organic compound OrganicCompound wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name OrganicMaterial organic substance A collection of tangible things. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjD0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicMaterial</a> is a tangible thing composed of one or more types of organic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjwspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Molecule</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjD0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicMaterial</a> usually have their origin in the bodies (or other products) of living things. Since some organic substances can be synthesized, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjD0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicMaterial</a> is not a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalTangibleStuff</a>. Chemically, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjD0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicMaterial</a> have fairly (or very) complex carbon-based structures. Examples include all instances of the collections <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjZ6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Oil</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXHLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DNAStuff</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVim-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Alcohol_Compound</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ivory</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalBodyPart</a>. candidate KB completeness node CandidateKBCompletenessNode