]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. judge A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge magistrate judges jurists jurist magistrates Judge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-judge-noun-1 Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court ChiefJusticeOfTheUnitedStates The collection of Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court. (SubcollectionOfWithRelationToFn (CitizenFn Yemen) occupation Judge) citizen of Yemen whose Occupation includes judge Mufti Mufti A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cleric</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjBdZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mufti</a> is a religious leader in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Islam</a> who deals with questions of jurisprudence. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjBdZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mufti</a> is the only type of religious leader who can issue a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvshPLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fatwa</a>, which gives him the power of handling cases where there is doubt among other authorities. The Arabic root for 'mufti' and 'fatwa' is the same: f-t-w Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from April 16, 1962 to June 28, 1993. Byron White ByronWhite Alito SamuelAlito Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from January, 2006 to the present. AntoninScalia Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from September, 1986 to the present. Scalia <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> justice from October 14, 1958 to July 3, 1981. Potter Stewart PotterStewart Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from August, 1993 to the present. RuthBaderGinsburg Ruth Bader Ginsburg StephenBreyer Breyer Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from August, 1994 to the present. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> justice from April 17, 1939 to January 19, 1980. WilliamODouglas William O Douglas StephenGBreyer Stephen G Breyer OliverWendellHolmesJr The son of the poet, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCIpg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OliverWendellHolmesSr</a>, and a noted justice on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>. Holmes is credited with being one of the first legal scholars to articulate the philosophy of legal positivism, defined roughly as the position that all laws in the human, legal sense are essentially arbitrary, deriving their authority solely from the power of the state, and not from any natural law or objective moral scheme. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr JohnPaulStevens Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from December, 1975 to the present. John Paul Stevens HarryBlackmun Harry Blackmun Justice Clarence Thomas JusticeClarenceThomas LewisPowellJr Lewis Powell Jr ThurgoodMarshall Thurgood Marshall William J Brennan Jr WilliamJBrennanJr <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> justice from October 16, 1856 to July 20, 1990. ClarenceThomas Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from October, 1991 to the present. Thomas DavidSouter Souter Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from October, 1990 to the present. AnthonyKennedy Kennedy Associate justice of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> from February, 1988 to the present. adjudicator JudicialAgent A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a> is a person or organization whose responsibility it is to judge or evaluate. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a> include officials at sporting events (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVievZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SportsOfficial</a>), judges of various competitions, as well as judges in the legal sense (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>). Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString the union of { person, fictional people } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet Person (FictionalFn Person))) judge A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge judge A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge judge A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge A collection of collections. Each instance is a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> whose instances are all of the same position. PublicSectorEmployeeTypeByPosition public sector employee type by position Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> <b>THING</b> <b>URI</b>)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI public sector employee PublicSectorEmployee A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvooD95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Professional_Adult</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjsQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Employee</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> is a person employed by a local, state (or provincial), or national government. This collection includes those who are employed directly in government administration (for example, elected and appointed officials, tax officers, and police and military personnel) as well as those who are employed in support services wholly funded by the government (for example, postal employees, public school teachers, firefighters, and unionized government workers). Although numerous subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> constitute instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> (q.v.), work in the public sector displays too much variation for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> to be considered an occupation-type in its own right. DB pedia OWL class DBPediaOWLClass A collection of collections. Each instance of this collection is a collection that corresponds to one of the classes in the DBPedia ontology. judge A judge in a governmental legal system. People who judge competitions or conflicts are elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6OwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JudicialAgent</a>, but are not elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>. Judge legal professional LegalProfessional An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi6tJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalProfessional</a> is a person working in the field of law. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi6tJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalProfessional</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lawyer</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi68pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Judge</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3JEB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Paralegal</a>. wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name the union of { judge, court } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet Judge Court-Judicial))