]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. strategy Strategy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rlvOL4mY1QdiY7KN-1Xb3Fw" class="cyc_term">NormativeSpecification</a>. Each instance of this collection is the abstract work that specifies a method of accomplishing something. programs tactics strategies tactic programme program Strategy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-plan-noun-1 ploy Ploy The collection of all ploys. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViB_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Strategy</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViB_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Strategy</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYEIevGv6QdmEkv4NUu3e8A" class="cyc_term">MilitaryTactic</a> is a method of engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgMbZgGv-QdmJ4vYVkINOOg" class="cyc_term">ScorchedEarth_MilitaryTactic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r8F1F7Gv8QdmENs-aeCILUA" class="cyc_term">ShockAndAwe_MilitaryTactic</a>. MilitaryTactic military tactic ScoringStrategy A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViB_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Strategy</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rzbW43Ji9EdqAAAACs4vPlg" class="cyc_term">ScoringStrategy</a> represents a set of criteria for when points should be awarded and how many points should be given to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a> in the course of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi7B5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Evaluating</a>. For instance, a strategy might represent the degree of belief given to a particular hypothesis based on the logical relations of its contents to other pieces of knowledge. scoring strategy problem solving strategy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViB_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Strategy</a>. Each instance of this collection is a heuristic or method to solve some problem. ProblemSolvingStrategy The Relevant Strategy TheRelevantStrategy An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0AAKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndexicalConcept</a> that evaluates to the relevant <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViB_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Strategy</a> to be implemented in the current context. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString NormativeSpecification The common sub-collection of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVib1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Specification</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtiEkBizjQdicSd6q-NEThQ" class="cyc_term">Criterion</a>. Each instyance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rlvOL4mY1QdiY7KN-1Xb3Fw" class="cyc_term">NormativeSpecification</a> is a conceptual work that describes how something should be. The instances can refer to instances or whole sub-collections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYjIS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Situation</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a>. Thus, the conceptual work associated with an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPzjPJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Blueprint</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rlvOL4mY1QdiY7KN-1Xb3Fw" class="cyc_term">NormativeSpecification</a> because it describes what the properties of the resultant building should be. Familiar specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rlvOL4mY1QdiY7KN-1Xb3Fw" class="cyc_term">NormativeSpecification</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi_0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Obligation</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Instructions</a>. design ObjectType type of object The collection of all collections that are &quot;object-like&quot; in at least one respect. A collection <code><b>COL</b></code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> is <i>not</i> itself an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>; when this happens <code><b>COL</b></code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. <p/> More precisely, for a collection <code><b>COL</b></code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code><b>PARTPRED</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code><b>OBJ1</b></code> and <code><b>OBJ2</b></code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> and <code>(<b>PARTPRED</b> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>OBJ2</b>)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> does <i>not</i> hold. (Also sufficient for <code><b>COL</b></code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code><b>INVPARTPRED</b></code> of the <i>inverse</i> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(<b>INVPARTPRED</b> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>OBJ1</b>)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code><b>COL</b></code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in <i>nearly</i> all cases, <code><b>COL</b></code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. <p/> Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is <i>not</i> an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. <p/> See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> <b>THING</b> <b>URI</b>)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI strategy Strategy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rlvOL4mY1QdiY7KN-1Xb3Fw" class="cyc_term">NormativeSpecification</a>. Each instance of this collection is the abstract work that specifies a method of accomplishing something. written or spoken work A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> is an abstract work constituted at least in part by propositional information. Propositional information is information which has a truth value in some context (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a>). Typically, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> will be works whose instantiations are composed of (or merely contain) one or more spoken or written sentences. Positive examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> include any instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIgO8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProseLiteraryWork_CW</a> (including instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxfXtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicEssay</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzHRG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExpositoryArticle</a>). A positive example that is <i>not</i> a literary work is any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwUwN3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalComposition</a> that has lyrics that express propositions; another positive example is a mostly graphical advertisement that also includes text that expresses propositions. PropositionalConceptualWork wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name strategy Strategy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rlvOL4mY1QdiY7KN-1Xb3Fw" class="cyc_term">NormativeSpecification</a>. Each instance of this collection is the abstract work that specifies a method of accomplishing something. strategy Strategy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rlvOL4mY1QdiY7KN-1Xb3Fw" class="cyc_term">NormativeSpecification</a>. Each instance of this collection is the abstract work that specifies a method of accomplishing something.