]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. AA AminoAcid A collection of organic compounds that are the building blocks for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0ARKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProteinMolecule</a>s. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>s contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. One way to partition this collection is according to the side chains: acidic, basic, uncharged polar, and nonpolar. Another collection division is that of amino acids required for protein synthesis and not synthesized by humans, essential amino acids, and those amino acids required for protein synthesis but are synthesized by humans, non-essential amino acids. amino acids Amino Acid Amino Acids amino acid

Amino acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-amino_acid-noun-1 Asparagine A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for protein synthesis. Its abbreviations are Asn and N. asparagine A collection of organic compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are an essential component of the diet and furnishes both methyl groups and sulfur necessary for metabolism. Its abbreviations are Met and M. methionine Methionine Threonine threonine A collection of organic compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for optimal infant growth and for nitrogen equilibrium in adults. Its abbreviations are Thr and T. valine A collection of compounds and a spec of<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for optimal growth in infants and for nitrogen equilibrium in human adults. Its abbreviations are Val and V. Valine A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. They are the smallest of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>s and occur as a constituent of many <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0ARKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProteinMolecule</a>s. These compounds participate in many sythetic reactions and are also an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Its abbreviations are Gly and G. glycine Glycine aspartic acid A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. This <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVyGnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonessentialAminoAcidType</a> is also an excitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Its abbreviations are Asp and D. AsparticAcid Cysteine cysteine A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. It is easily oxidized into cystine, is sometimes found in urine, and has limited detoxification properties. Its abbreviations are Cys and C. A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for protien synthesis and supplies the amidine group for the synthesis of creatine. Its abbreviations are Arg and R. Arginine arginine lysine Lysine A collection of organic compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for protein synthesis and must be ingested by the organism. Its abbreviations are Lys and K. A collection of organic compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for protein synthesis and must be ingested by the organism. Its abbreviations are Leu and L. leucine Leucine Glutamine glutamine A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These are the monoamide of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvad_xJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GlutamicAcid</a> and are an important carrier of urinary ammonia. They are broken down in the kidneys by the enzyme glutaminase. Its abbreviations are Gln and Q. Alanine alanine A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for protein synthesis and are synthesized by the body from pyruvate. Its abbreviations are Ala and A. Phenylalanine phenylalanine A collection of organic compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are ingested and turned into other compounds for the body's use. Its abbreviations are Phe and F. Serine A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds may be synthesized from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXrTbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Glycine</a> and are used as a dietary supplement, feed additive, and in culture media. Its abbreviations are Ser and S. serine Isoleucine isoleucine A collection of organic compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for optimal growth in infants as well as maintaining nitrogen equilibrium in human adults. Its abbreviations are Ile and I. Tryptophan A collection of organic compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for optimal growth in infants as well as maintaining nitrogen equilibrium in human adults. These are a precursor to serotonin. Its abbreviations are Trp and W. tryptophan GlutamicAcid glutamic acid A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds also serve as a neurotransmitter in all areas of the central nervous system. Its abbreviations are Glu and E. A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are essential for optimal growth in infants and obtainable from proteins by the action of sulfuric acid and water. Its abbreviations are His and H. Histidine histidine tyrosine Tyrosine A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are synthesized metabolically from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxg8o5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Phenylalanine</a>. They are a precursor of thyroid hormones, catecholamines, and melanin. Its abbreviations are Tyr and Y. proline A collection of compounds and a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>. These compounds are a major constituent of collagen. Its abbreviations are Pro and P. Proline Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString monomer The collection of all molecular structures that serve or can serve as 'building blocks' of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvz8bAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PolymerMolecule</a>s, which are long-chain molecular structures. Monomer Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI Partitioned Into partitionedInto (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj1MJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">partitionedInto</a> SETORCOL PART) means that the mathematical set or collection PART is a partition of the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL; that is, the elements of PART are themselves mathematical sets or collections, and every element of SETORCOL is an element of exactly one element of PART, and every element of PART is a subset of SETORCOL. In other words, PART is a set or collection of pairwise disjoint sets or collections whose union is co-extensional with SETORCOL. Typically, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rk8dxOVcGEdaLwgACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">DisjointSetOrCollectionType</a> that plays the role of PART in an assertion about partitioning will be a set specified by enumerating its elements, using the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcUeB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThePartition</a>. AA AminoAcid A collection of organic compounds that are the building blocks for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0ARKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProteinMolecule</a>s. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>s contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. One way to partition this collection is according to the side chains: acidic, basic, uncharged polar, and nonpolar. Another collection division is that of amino acids required for protein synthesis and not synthesized by humans, essential amino acids, and those amino acids required for protein synthesis but are synthesized by humans, non-essential amino acids. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TaxonomicSlotForCollections</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcZ1FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Strict</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv86JWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Covering</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rRA9CJFjCEdiRSAACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">facets_NearPartition</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj1MJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">partitionedInto</a> (qq.v.). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwA9k15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Partition</a> COL COLTYPE) means that COLTYPE corresponds to one way of dividing the entirety of COL into disjoint subcollections. Specifically, (i) the instances of COLTYPE are all the same sort of subcollection of COL and (ii) each instance of COL is an instance of exactly one instance of of COLTYPE. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwA9k15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Partition</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-A-apwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FixedArityFunction</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqt0TJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FixedArityFunctionTypeByArity</a>) holds, as each fixed-arity function has exactly one arity (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a>). Facets-Partition facets-Partition The collection of molecules or other <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChemicalObject</a>s which are produced by and can be found within living things, such as #$Biopolymers or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>s. organic chemical object OrganicChemicalObject A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> (q.v.). Moreover, each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a> is a collection that is temporally stuff-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>) but physically-spatially object-like (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>) -- i.e. object-like with respect to some physical-spatial part-whole predicate (e.g. some specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r8a2smPXcQdiEoJhcx65EiQ" class="cyc_term">properPhysicalDecompositions</a>). Consider the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>. Further, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is temporally stuff-like: any one of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a given copy <code>COPY</code> of (say) "Moby Dick" is still a copy of "Moby Dick". (Most collections of tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this way.) But <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is spatially object-like: if we take a scalpel and slice <code>COPY</code> into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of "Moby Dick". So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>. ExistingObjectType type of object AA AminoAcid A collection of organic compounds that are the building blocks for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0ARKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProteinMolecule</a>s. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>s contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. One way to partition this collection is according to the side chains: acidic, basic, uncharged polar, and nonpolar. Another collection division is that of amino acids required for protein synthesis and not synthesized by humans, essential amino acids, and those amino acids required for protein synthesis but are synthesized by humans, non-essential amino acids. type of amino acid classified by chemical species AminoAcidTypeByChemicalSpecies This type level collection (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>) is a partition on <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>: each instance (each "cell" in the partition) is one of the cardinal specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a> whose instances serve as building blocks of proteins: e.g., Alanine, Cysteine, Aspartic Acid, Glycine, etc. AA AminoAcid A collection of organic compounds that are the building blocks for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0ARKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProteinMolecule</a>s. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AminoAcid</a>s contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. One way to partition this collection is according to the side chains: acidic, basic, uncharged polar, and nonpolar. Another collection division is that of amino acids required for protein synthesis and not synthesized by humans, essential amino acids, and those amino acids required for protein synthesis but are synthesized by humans, non-essential amino acids. wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name