]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1IVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSVeRKEhvQdiNRftUJQEofA" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXZEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. tipped off had claimed have notified had told asseverating claim say told have related has informed has declared averring claims claiming has briefed related will have asserted have stated will assert has said will have notified will tell had briefed tips off declarations stated relate informs will have stated has asserted notifications relates had notified will declare asseverate had asseverated asseverated will aver aver have claimed will notify have tipped off will have declared notify have said stating tell have briefed state had declared briefing declared states have told had related claimed have asserted will have related had tipped off will inform has tipped off will relate avers will have briefed will have told will have tipped off tip off has asseverated will claim has told briefs inform says will brief will have averred asserted have declared has averred saying relating informed has notified will asseverate said had asserted declare declares has claimed tells had stated act of conveying information had said declaration have asseverated has related asseverates will have claimed will have asseverated will state notifies declaring have informed will have informed notification tipping off will say telling had informed briefed will tip off asserts notifying acts of conveying information notified has stated brief averred asserting assert have averred had averred will have said http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-relate-verb-3 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-inform-verb-1 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-publicize-verb-1 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-convey-verb-1 Reporting A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1IVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, some agent imparts collected information to some other agent(s). reporting Advising A collection of events, in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> A tells another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> B what A thinks B should do, especially when A knows more than B does about something. idea or advice IssuingAReportAboutASituation A collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>. Each instance is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> and also of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjeiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a> in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> creates and issues an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvlZp1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WrittenReportOnSituation</a> for an intended target audience. issuing a report confession Confession A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rkSROupPYQdiAos7FpwD7DA" class="cyc_term">ObligationCreatingEvent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV78CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAPromise</a> is an event in which someone promises to do something, thereby creating an obligation to do that thing. promising MakingAPromise StatingSomething event of stating something <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVr8vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StatingSomething</a> means declaring, asserting, setting forth an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, in particular, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWIKZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Statement</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWIKZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Statement</a> is by default propositional. This is the collection of actions in which one agent attributes at least causal responsibility, and perhaps moral responsibility, for an action to an agent. This is a general collection which includes both accusations (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWFOSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Accusing</a>) and claims of responsibility (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rjvc3jDhBEdaAAACQJ5GoQA" class="cyc_term">ClaimingResponsibility</a>). attributing responsibility AttributingResponsibility signaling presence at door SignalingPresenceAtDoor A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rZsiw_oHnQdmEffXmB-DHxw" class="cyc_term">SignalingPresenceAtDoor</a> is an event in which an agent conveys a signal (e.g. by knocking or using a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rY9HKdoHmQdmEMfYAU1vQjQ" class="cyc_term">DoorSignalingDevice</a>) which, by convention, is intended to inform another agent that he or she (i.e. the first agent) is at the door. (Just saying "I'm at the door!" doesn't count, as there is no real signaling involved.) A collection of communication actions, a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOz-DJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSpeaking</a>. Each instance of this collection is an action where some primary actor(s) are mostly speaking and audience members are mostly listening. Lecturing lecture A collection of events; a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>. In each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSVeRKEhvQdiNRftUJQEofA" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, something provides evidence for something else. testimony Testifying An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv48ocpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AccomplishmentType</a> and specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rF8CByNj8EdmAAACQJw5drg" class="cyc_term">IssuingAWrit</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalProceeding</a> in which a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIt59JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Court_Judicial</a> issues a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcJInJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writ</a>. issuing a writ IssuingAWrit lying A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a> is an event in which the performer is not telling the truth, believes that what he is saying is not true, and intends to be saying what he says to get his audience to believe what he says. Lying informing program user The collection of all events in which an instance of #$SoftwareAgent provides information to an interactive user of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj8AZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProcessRunning</a>. InformingProgramUser endorsing communication act Endorsing-CommunicationAct A collection of specialized communications. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7mYvJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Endorsing_CommunicationAct</a>, some agent expresses a positive judgment about another agent or about a position, proposal, product, or course of action. In endorsing, the expression of approval typically is made to some third party or parties, rather than to the agent(s) responsible---though that agent needn't be excluded. TestResultNotification test result notification The collection of events in which a #$SoftwareAgent which is running a testing program notifies the person responsible about the results of a test. The collection of all events in which a computer displays the results of the execution of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgramAction</a>. presenting the results of a program action PresentingTheResultsOfAProgramAction providing information to computer process ProvidingInformationToComputerProcess The collection of all communication acts [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>] in which a computer user provides information to a running computer process [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj8AZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProcessRunning</a>]. If this was solicited information use the more specific, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rqnvsZlyOEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">ProvidingRequestedInformationToComputerProcess</a>. Answering a question that someone or something has posed to you. answering ReplyingToAQuestion The process of issuing a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvshPLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fatwa</a>. issuing a fatwa IssuingAFatwa The public statement of something believed to be factual (therefore, it is disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVizHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StoryTelling</a>). It can be written or spoken, but is almost always verbal, not visual. Announcing is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>, since there are receiving agents. AnnouncingSomething announcing understatementing Understatement explaining Explaining-CommunicationAct A specialized collection of communication acts. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwI_EFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Explaining_CommunicationAct</a>, some agent explains something to some other agent(s). The information given in an act of explaining is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvW7ze5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Explanation</a>. Declaration declaration ScientificPresentation scientific presentation The collection of all scientific presentations. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVix4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPvkW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Presentation</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvQ--Lg7mQdeDd_spgi-q_A" class="cyc_term">ScientificPresentation</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvbVrl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SkilledActivityType</a>. Disapproving-CommunicationAct expression of disapproval A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv20M-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Disapproving_CommunicationAct</a>, an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> communicates disapproval of something. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv20M-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Disapproving_CommunicationAct</a> are usually accompanied by feelings of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDKcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Disapproval</a>. For situations in which what the agent disapproves of can be expressed in propositional form, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_7OW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disapprovedStatement</a>. It is also worth noting that instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv20M-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Disapproving_CommunicationAct</a> differ from instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkF-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rejecting_CommunicationAct</a>, in that the former are expressed judgments that a certain action or opinion is inappropriate, morally wrong, etc., while the latter involve the denial of the propositional content of some communication. reassurance Reassurance An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxtsD5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RevealingTrueInformation</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvh6nvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RevealingInformation</a> in which all of the information revealed is true. divulging RevealingTrueInformation This is the event in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvmsoVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Moses</a> received <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOjLnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheTenCommandments</a> from the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GodOfAbrahamIsaacAndJacob</a>. Moses receiving the Commandments MosesReceivingTheCommandments COA specification dimension COASpecificationDimension Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString Facets-Generic facets-Generic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TaxonomicSlotForCollections</a> and a specialization (via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvhOImJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typeGenls</a> (q.v.). This is the most general of the "faceting" predicates. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjldVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Generic</a> COL COLTYPE)</code> means that <code>COLTYPE</code> corresponds to one way of dividing <code>COL</code> into subcollections. The instances of <code>COLTYPE</code> are all "the same sort" of subcollection of <code>COL</code>. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhz6DbnSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">MovieTypeByGenre</a> facets <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv973YpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Movie_CW</a> according to movie-genre; the former's instances thus include such collections as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0pzgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WesternMovie</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwFmUH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HorrorMovie</a>. And <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYZUSFovbQdeY8PrkLdTqKA" class="cyc_term">FunctionTypeByRangeType</a> facets <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxAsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Function_Denotational</a> according to the type of thing a given function returns as values; the former's instances thus include such collections as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj62ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndividualDenotingFunction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionDenotingFunction</a>. Note that generic faceting does not entail that the instances of <code>COLTYPE</code> are mutually disjoint. Thus, a given film might be an instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCRfN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChildrensMovie</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2VcW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ActionMovie</a>. Note also that generic faceting does not entail that every instance of <code>COL</code> falls under some instance of <code>COLTYPE</code>. Thus, consider the universal identity function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSspMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IdentityFn</a>. Its range of values is so broad that it does not fall under any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYZUSFovbQdeY8PrkLdTqKA" class="cyc_term">FunctionTypeByRangeType</a>. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjldVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Generic</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv86JWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Covering</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcZ1FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Strict</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwA9k15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Partition</a>, as well as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgQmwRl2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">facets_NearCovering</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rRA9CIljCEdiRSAACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">facets_NearStrict</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rRA9CJFjCEdiRSAACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">facets_NearPartition</a>. Whenever possible, one of these more specific predicates should be used. seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1IVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSVeRKEhvQdiNRftUJQEofA" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXZEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> is a single-source transmission of information from one sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) to one or more recipients (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. CommunicationAct-Single single communication act information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv8RaTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYyDjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv65Pt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSZiGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjFpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. quotedIsa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rDeDIGEW0EdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">MetaLanguagePredicate</a> (q.v.) that relates CycL expressions to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4raOoTci9qEdma4AACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">SubLExpressionType</a>s (q.v.) of which they are instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is thus like a restricted version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (q.v.), but with one important difference: the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is "implicitly quoted" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwHb_bZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">quotedArgument</a>). So a ground atomic sentence of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> THING EXPR-TYPE)</code> does not mean that <code>THING</code> itself is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Rather, such a sentence is partly self-referential, and means that the particular CycL expression appearing in the sentence's own first argument-position is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> provides a convenient shorthand for stating certain things that would otherwise require explicit quotation (or some other device for naming expressions). This is better illustrated with a specific example. Suppose we wish to state that the CycL constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code> is an instance of the CycL expression type #$PublicConstant. We cannot express this with the straightforward <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant)</code>, as that states the falsehood that the IndianOcean itself -- which is not a constant but a body of water -- is a public constant. But we can express precisely what we want like this: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant) . </pre> Now <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4oJWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MacroRelation</a> (q.v.), and by its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjg7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">expansion</a> any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> sentence is equivalent to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence with an explicitly quoted first argument. The sentence displayed above turns out to be equivalent to: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>) #$PublicConstant). </pre> But the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version has two related practical advantages over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version. First, the former is syntactically simpler than the latter. Second, the simpler syntax of the former makes it easier to browse in the Knowedge Base: while the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version is conveniently indexed under the KB Browser page for the constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version would apparently be indexed under a separate, brand new page for the term <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>)</code>. Generalizing the point, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> lets us avoid having potentially to double the number of pages currently in the browser. For the semantically more complicated (but rarely encountered) case in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a>'s first argument-place is filled with an open expression, see the accompanying #$cyclistNotes. Quoted Isa TypicalHumanActivityType-AtLeastOnce The collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViN65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanActivity</a> such that persons typically are involved in (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjFpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) at least one instance of the activity type in their lifetime. typical human activity type at least once InformationAndCWs-Topic information and CWs topic first-order collection FirstOrderCollection An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> is the collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (q.v.) Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. extracted by noun learner from motley fool UK corpus ExtractedByNounLearnerFromMotleyFoolUKCorpus