]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Writer writer Not the same as Author. A writer is someone who writes as an occupation (for a living); an author may or may not be a writer writers scribes scribe Writer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-writer-noun-1 The collection of all freelance writers. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rFsmmpDjaQdmI4NL7Jdow7A" class="cyc_term">FreelanceWorker</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViowZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Author</a>. (FreelanceFn Writer) freelance writer writer The kind of people that have written a composition, for example students, professional writers. Authors are NOT necessary professionals (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj7rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writer</a>) as they don't necessarily do it for pay, or do it as a central job related activity. Author Copyist A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj7rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writer</a>. Each instance is someone employed to make written copies of documents and manuscripts. copyist terrorist whose Occupation includes writer (SubcollectionOfWithRelationToFn Terrorist occupation Writer) Smith LJSmith PatriciaEakins Patricia Eakins JohnSteinbeck John Steinbeck JamesKelly James Kelly Ramsey Campbell RamseyCampbell MaxWyman Max Wyman KahlilGibran Kahlil Gibran PearlSBuck-Author Pearl Buck H.P. Lovecraft HPLovecraft-Author JillBialosky Jill Bialosky Peter C. Newman PeterCNewman F Paul Wilson FPaulWilson Gaston Leroux GastonLeroux SamuelButler Samuel Butler RupertBrooke Rupert Brooke JohnPealeBishop John Peale Bishop EricNicol Eric Nicol GwendolynBrooks Gwendolyn Brooks Oscar Wilde OscarWilde Paul Saint Pierre PaulSaintPierre IreneHoward Irene Howard Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn AleksandrSolzhenitsyn JeanJacquesRousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau BarryHughart Barry Hughart Eileen Albrizio EileenAlbrizio Elizabeth Winthrop ElizabethWinthrop DanielDefoe Daniel Defoe WilliamDeverell William Deverell MargaretGibson Margaret Gibson Brian Hodge BrianHodge JoanLoweryNixon Joan Lowery Nixon AnnBlades Ann Blades AlbertCamus Albert Camus LafcadioHearn Lafcadio Hearn JMeadeFalkner J Meade Falkner Anne Rice AnneRice Michael Benedikt MichaelBenedikt The historical individual who, through extensive letter-writing and missionary work, began the transformation of Christianity from a Jewish reform-movement to a full-blown religion in its own right. Not a contemporary of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViyXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JesusOfNazareth</a>, Paul allegedly decided to devote his life to that prophet's teachings after a ghostly encounter with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3n0p5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JesusChrist</a> on the roadside. Paul-GospelWriter Saint Paul Alexandre Dumas AlexandreDumas JonathanSwift Jonathan Swift HRiderHaggard H.R. Haggard Tom Wolfe TomWolfe John Derek JohnDerek KathrynStriplingByer Kathryn Stripling Byer WilliamJames William James Matthew Arnold MatthewArnold UmbertoEco Umberto Eco Yehuda Amichai YehudaAmichai AphraBehn Aphra Behn AudreyThomas Audrey Thomas Andrew Vachss AndrewVachss Leo Tolstoy LeoTolstoy SPSomtow Somtow R L Stine RLStine FrankMcCourt Frank McCourt LouisaMayAlcott Louisa May Alcott JRR Tolkien JRRTolkien Hermann Hesse HermannHesse Daniel Keyes DanielKeyes German theologian, founder of the Lutheran religion, chiefly responsible for the Protestant reformation. He lived from 1483 to 1546. Martin Luther MartinLuther-ReligiousFigure David Suzuki DavidSuzuki Thomas Mann ThomasMann JamesMatthewBarrie James Matthew Barrie Peter Gzowski PeterGzowski KenAlibek Ken Alibek Thomas Hobbes ThomasHobbes AA Milne AAMilne Sandra Alcosser SandraAlcosser Stephen B. Oates StephenBOates Pythagoras <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPJozpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pythagoras</a> was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Pythagoras Irvine Welsh IrvineWelsh RonDakron Ron Dakron Lois Lowry LoisLowry SirWalterScott Sir Walter Scott Ian Fleming IanFleming C S Peirce <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwMvxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharlesPeirce</a> was the first significant American <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-Pbe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Logician</a>. CharlesPeirce Lynda Chater LyndaChater Marshall McLuhan MarshallMcLuhan Brian Moore BrianMoore Charles de Montesquieu CharlesDeMontesquieu Virginia Woolf VirginiaWoolf Jonathan Lethem JonathanLethem Stephen Ambrose StephenAmbrose Chaim Potok ChaimPotok Forester CSForester Robert Burns RobertBurns AlanHaigBrown Alan Haig Brown FredBrooks Frederick Brooks Robert R. McCammon RobertRMcCammon Susan Coolidge SusanCoolidge JamesFenimoreCooper James Fenimore Cooper WSomersetMaugham W. Somerset Maugham BillRichardson Bill Richardson RalphAngel Ralph Angel Sandra Birdsell SandraBirdsell John Christopher JohnChristopher SaulBellow Saul Bellow Octavio Paz OctavioPaz-Author WilliamCullenBryant William Cullen Bryant JohnGray John Gray Author of Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus JohnGrisham John Grisham SterlingABrown Sterling A Brown Alex Haley AlexHaley Boris Vian BorisVian Patrick O'Brian PatrickOBrian CliveBarker-TheWriter Clive Barker Michael Crichton MichaelCrichton Poppy Z Brite PoppyZBrite EavanBoland Eavan Boland Sir James M Barrie SirJamesMBarrie KingsleyAmis Kingsley Amis JamesJoyce James Joyce Jose Saramago JoseSaramago-Author Yukio Mishima YukioMishima Anna Akhmatova AnnaAkhmatova FrankBidart Frank Bidart Peter Benchley PeterBenchley-Author GuillaumeApollinaire Guillaume Apollinaire RobertBloch Robert Bloch ThomasPynchon Thomas Pynchon GeorgeEliot George Eliot <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrTAcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BFSkinner</a> is a psychologist famous for introducing the notion of operant conditioning, Burrhus Skinner BFSkinner BorisStrugatsky Boris Strugatsky Joseph Conrad JosephConrad WHAuden Auden Lawrence Gough LawrenceGough Arkady Strugatsky ArkadyStrugatsky ElizabethBishop Elizabeth Bishop SirFrancisBacon Sir Francis Bacon StephenLeacock Stephen Leacock Stephen King StephenKing Person-6092 Lisa Katz Pira Sudham PiraSudham CatherineAnderson Catherine Anderson Cynthia Flood CynthiaFlood Ernest Hemingway ErnestHemingway John Berryman JohnBerryman JohnBetjeman John Betjeman SigmundFreud Sigmund Freud RichardDawkins Richard Dawkins EmilyBronte Emily Bronte WilkieCollins Wilkie Collins AldousHuxley Aldous Huxley Anne Bronte AnneBronte LouiseBogan Louise Bogan RexStout Rex Stout JackLondon Jack London Karl Marx KarlMarx JohnAshbery John Ashbery Theodore Geisel DrSeuss StanPersky Stan Persky Deepak Chopra DeepakChopra Ammons ARAmmons RobertCormier Robert Cormier JosephBrodsky Joseph Brodsky John Wesley is widely recognized as the founder of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MethodistReligion</a>. John Wesley JohnWesley-ReligiousFigure ChitraBanerjeeDivakaruni Chitra Divakaruni Martin Amis MartinAmis RDBlackmore Blackmore TomClancy Tom Clancy Bruce Sterling BruceSterling VyacheslavRybakov Vyacheslav Rybakov Voltaire Voltaire-TheWriter Person-7968 David Stringer AlexanderLazarevich Alexander Lazarevich JohnGalsworthy-Author John Galsworthy MarkTwain Mark Twain ElizabethBarrettBrowning Elizabeth Barrett Browning Alice Munro AliceMunro SalmanRushdie Salman Rushdie JoeLansdale Joe Lansdale GabrielGarciaMarquez Gabriel Garcia Marquez Myrna Kostash MyrnaKostash NadineGordimer Nadine Gordimer JohnBuchan John Buchan Winston Churchill WinstonChurchill SheldonOberman Sheldon Oberman JaneAusten Jane Austen RobertMusil Robert Musil LRWright Wright MavisGallant Mavis Gallant CharlotteBronte Charlotte Bronte BillHarlow Bill Harlow ToniMorrison Toni Morrison John Locke JohnLocke SueAlderson Sue Alderson William Blake WilliamBlake-TheArtist RussellHoban Russell Hoban Diane diPrima DianeDiPrima Manuel Montalban ManuelVazquezMontalban Peter Straub PeterStraub JDSalinger Salinger George Orwell GeorgeOrwell Christopher Pike ChristopherPike JKRowling J. K. Rowling Franz Kafka FranzKafka DavidWatmough David Watmough Pierre Berton PierreBerton Communicator communicator A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>. Each instance is a person who communicates with others. Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> <b>THING</b> <b>URI</b>)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI Writer writer Not the same as Author. A writer is someone who writes as an occupation (for a living); an author may or may not be a writer type of profession A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> is a collection of workers (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>) and is defined in terms of the kind of work done. The various instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> correspond to jobs of all kinds, and not just to those colloquially called &quot;professions&quot;. Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjONJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgrammerProfessional</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjkWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FoodServiceEmployee</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQwxbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MedicalCareProfessional</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQwl6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesRepresentative</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjilJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Brewer</a>, and many others. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>. PersonTypeByOccupation Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString Writer writer Not the same as Author. A writer is someone who writes as an occupation (for a living); an author may or may not be a writer quotedIsa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rDeDIGEW0EdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">MetaLanguagePredicate</a> (q.v.) that relates CycL expressions to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4raOoTci9qEdma4AACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">SubLExpressionType</a>s (q.v.) of which they are instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is thus like a restricted version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (q.v.), but with one important difference: the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is &quot;implicitly quoted&quot; (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwHb_bZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">quotedArgument</a>). So a ground atomic sentence of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <b>THING</b> <b>EXPR-TYPE</b>)</code> does <i>not</i> mean that <code><b>THING</b></code> itself is an instance of <code><b>EXPR-TYPE</b></code>. Rather, such a sentence is partly self-referential, and means that the particular <i>CycL expression</i> appearing in the sentence's own first argument-position is an instance of <code><b>EXPR-TYPE</b></code>. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> provides a convenient shorthand for stating certain things that would otherwise require explicit quotation (or some other device for naming expressions). <p/> This is better illustrated with a specific example. Suppose we wish to state that the CycL constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code> is an instance of the CycL expression type <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>. We cannot express this with the straightforward <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>)</code>, as that states the falsehood that the IndianOcean itself -- which is <i>not</i> a constant but a body of water -- is a public constant. But we can express precisely what we want like this: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>) . </pre> Now <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4oJWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MacroRelation</a> (q.v.), and by its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjg7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">expansion</a> any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> sentence is equivalent to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence with an <i>explicitly</i> quoted first argument. The sentence displayed above turns out to be equivalent to: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>) <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>). </pre> But the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version has two related practical advantages over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version. First, the former is syntactically simpler than the latter. Second, the simpler syntax of the former makes it easier to browse in the Knowedge Base: while the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version is conveniently indexed under the KB Browser page for the constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version would apparently be indexed under a separate, brand new page for the term <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>)</code>. Generalizing the point, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> lets us avoid having potentially to double the number of pages currently in the browser. <p/> For the semantically more complicated (but rarely encountered) case in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a>'s first argument-place is filled with an <i>open</i> expression, see the accompanying <font color="#ff0000">#$cyclistNotes</font>. Quoted Isa Writer writer Not the same as Author. A writer is someone who writes as an occupation (for a living); an author may or may not be a writer wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name WordNetWorkflowConstant-NotFullyReviewed word net workflow constant not fully reviewed The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzSRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLConstant</a>s created from the import of concepts from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtfZxnO-3QdibF4NWtMhnaQ" class="cyc_term">WordNet_Version2_0</a> that have not yet been fully reviewed by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanCyclist</a>. ArticulateOrEloquent Having a natural facility eloquence or fluency with written or spoken words particularly with one's native language (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjZ4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">nativeLanguage</a>). Good writers are often <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rcsGcsHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">ArticulateOrEloquent</a>. eloquence