]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. AbstractProgrammingLanguage programming language A specialization of <font color="#ff0000">#$ComputerLanguage</font>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a> is the collection of languages invented for the purpose of composing computer programs (i.e., instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>), as opposed to merely facilitating interaction between pieces of software or indicating how to represent pieces of text. Thus, <font color="#ff0000">#$ComputerLanguages</font> such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a>, whereas <font color="#ff0000">#$ComputerLanguages</font> such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWVukJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HypertextMarkupLanguage</a> are not. computer language computer languages programming languages http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-programming_language-noun-1 InterpretedComputerLanguage <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InterpretedComputerLanguage</a> is the collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a> that are used to write <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgBVeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CWIS</a>s which are typically run with the use of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Interpreter_Computers</a>, as opposed to programming languages used to write <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgBVeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CWIS</a>s which are typically compiled into different languages and run as machine code. interpreted computer language A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rGxWxhVL1EdaCtgACs0uXdw" class="cyc_term">ObjectOrientedProgrammingLanguage</a> is the collection of languages that implement the objected-oriented programming methodology. This methodology is a data-based approach (as opposed to a process-based approach) and emphasizes the principles of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Examples of OO programming languages include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQfjYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaProgrammingLanguage</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CPlusPlus_ProgrammingLanguage</a>. ObjectOrientedProgrammingLanguage object oriented programming language VisualProgrammingLanguage visual programming language A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMRnA9Cb2EdaB6wACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">VisualProgrammingLanguage</a> is the collection of programming languages that allow users to specify programs in a manner that uses two or more dimensions. Conventional textual languages are not considered two-dimensional -- <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjykZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Compiler</a>s or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Interpreter_Computers</a> process them as one-dimensional streams of characters. Visual programming languages allows programming with visual expressions, such as spatial arrangements of textual and graphical symbols. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwUFuH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaScriptProgrammingLanguage</a> is a simple, cross-platform, interpreted object-oriented scripting language developed by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWd_r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetscapeCommunicationsCorporation</a>. It is only very vaguely related to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQfjYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaProgrammingLanguage</a> (they are both object-oriented languages, however JavaScript contains a much smaller and simpler set of commands than does Java). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwUFuH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaScriptProgrammingLanguage</a> is intimately tied to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWQvpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWeb_DynamicIndexedInfoSource</a>. It allows HTML files to command browsers by creating new browser windows, filling out fields in forms, jumping to new URLs, computing mathematical results, etc. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwUFuH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaScriptProgrammingLanguage</a> runs in three environments - as a server-side scripting language, as an embedded language in server-parsed HTML, and as an embedded language run in browsers. JavaScriptProgrammingLanguage JavaScript This is a computer language for operating certain <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvnC9xpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeographicInformationSystem</a>s. ARC-INFO GIS programming language ARC-INFO TECO A high level computer programming language which uses macro semantics rather than evaluator semantics. EMACS was written in this language. TECO A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r1rZxZHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">DeclarativeProgrammingLanguage</a>. Prolog Prolog-ComputerLanguage Visual Basic The microsoft Visual Basic windows programming language VisualBasic ALGOL The first AbstractProgrammingLanguag language to be described in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwT72uZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BackusNaurForm</a>. ALGOL PlannerLanguage Planner Language A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r1rZxZHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">DeclarativeProgrammingLanguage</a>. CycConstraintLanguage A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r1rZxZHS-EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">DeclarativeProgrammingLanguage</a> for use in Cyc. Cyc Constraint Language Basic-ComputerLanguage BASIC Old, outdated language. Could be interpreted. Scheme A pure dialect of LISP. Scheme LISP dialect developed at BBN and Xerox. Interlisp Interlisp PHP-ProgrammingLanguage PHP In Web programming, PHP is a script language and interpreter that is freely available and used primarily on Linux Web servers. PHP (the initials come from the earliest version of the program, which was called "Personal Home Page Tools") is an alternative to Microsoft's Active Server Page (ASP) technology. As with ASP, the PHP script is embedded within a Web page along with its HTML. Before the page is sent to a user that has requested it, the Web server calls PHP to interpret and perform the operations called for in the PHP script. MacLisp MacLisp A dialect of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a> developed at MIT in 1966. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rUoQYiBBdEdaS5gACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">MacLisp</a> was once one of two main branches of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a> (the other being <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Interlisp</a>). CommonLisp was developed in an attempt to combine the best features of the two branches. Lymphocyte Lymphocyte-ProgrammingLanguage A utility based pattern matching language that generates a subsumption architecture created by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyclist</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$Brad</font> Miller, for the specific needs of dialogue interpretation. Highly compilable, though existing implementation is interpreted. Embedded in either <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a> or some other language, only the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a> embedding has been implemented. See: 'The Lymphocyte Pattern Mathing Engine', by Bradford W. Miller, TRAINS TN 96-6, 12/96, University of Rochester Computer Science Dept. Fortran Fortran <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fortran</a> is an individual in the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a>. It was the first high-level compiled language. It is very similar to BASIC. SubL The main programming language used internally by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cycorp</a>. It shares many features of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a> but has some important differences. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwY2CZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubL</a> can be translated into <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">C_ProgrammingLanguage</a> by the translator. SubL Assembler-HPProgrammingLanguage Assembler Low level assembly language developed by HP Tcl Tcl-ProgrammingLanguage Tcl is a high-level interpreted scripting language. Ada-ProgrammingLanguage Ada is a modern high-level programming language named in honor of the first programmer in history: Lady Ada Lovelace. Ada was designed Jean Ichbiah's team at CII Honeywell in 1979. It was made mandatory for Department ofDefense software projects by the Pentagon. Ada A dialect of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a>. This language originated as an attempt to forge a core common dialect for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Interlisp</a> and successor implementations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rUoQYiBBdEdaS5gACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">MacLisp</a>. Common Lisp CommonLisp LOGO-ProgrammingLanguage A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a> -like language designed for teaching programming. LOGO Python-ProgrammingLanguage Python Python is a high-level interpreted scripting language. Cobol Cobol A high-level programming language. CycL The language Cyclists speak. This includes both Epistemological and Heuristic level languages. CycL VisualCPlusPlus-ProgrammingLanguage The Microsoft Visual C++ windows programming language. Visual C++ Pascal A low level programming language. Pascal-ProgrammingLanguage Perl is an interpreted language optimized for scanning and extracting information from text files. Perl-ProgrammingLanguage Perl Awk-ProgrammingLanguage Awk is an interpreted language included with many versions of Unix for scanning and mangling text, developed by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan in 1978. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJYhSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Perl_ProgrammingLanguage</a> was inspired by Awk, but is much more powerful. There are many interpreters for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPNGOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Awk_ProgrammingLanguage</a>, including <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwBafDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Awk_TheProgram</a> (the program). Awk Programming Language An RDF query language currently in draft form by the W3C. See http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query. SPARQL SPARQL-Language LDL An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a>. LDL Lisp Lisp A high level computer programming language usually refered to as the language of Artificial Intelligence. A high level (well, not so high really - just a wee bit above assembler) computer programming language, the OS Language of Unix. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CPlusPlus_ProgrammingLanguage</a>. C C-ProgrammingLanguage <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJ35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SQL_Language</a> was developed by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjfTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBMInc</a> in the 1970s for use in System R. It is often embedded in general purpose programming languages. SQL-Language Structured Query Language A high level computer programming language known for its ability to easily manipulate vectors and matrices APL APL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> <b>THING</b> <b>URI</b>)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString calais ontology entity type A collection of collections. Instances are collections that are classified as classes of &quot;entities&quot; in the Calais ontology. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhMCj_rGgEd2AAAAhm0jtOQ" class="cyc_term">TheCalaisOntology</a>. CalaisOntologyEntityType Related groups of languages. type of language family LanguageFamilyType intangible artifact Artifact-Intangible A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjj45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtisp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Intangible</a> is an intangible thing intentionally created by an agent or agents. Important specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtisp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Intangible</a> include <font color="#ff0000">#$ComputerLanguage</font>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>. The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYbXiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueryAugmentationApplication</a> to resolve natural language ambiguities. QAClarifyingCollectionType QA clarifying collection type FormalLanguage abstract language A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>. Each instance of this collection is a language which is specified and/or created by (not just described by) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwEr4JpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FormalGrammar_CW</a>. Prime specializations of this collection are <font color="#ff0000">#$ComputerLanguage</font> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvp-LnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalLanguage</a>. There is considerable overlap between this collection and <font color="#ff0000">#$ArtificialLanguage</font> (languages that are created by agents, rather than having evolved), but whereas each constructed language must be constructed by an agent or agents, formal languages need not be. linguistic-topic Linguistic-Topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. programming language AbstractProgrammingLanguage A specialization of <font color="#ff0000">#$ComputerLanguage</font>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a> is the collection of languages invented for the purpose of composing computer programs (i.e., instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>), as opposed to merely facilitating interaction between pieces of software or indicating how to represent pieces of text. Thus, <font color="#ff0000">#$ComputerLanguages</font> such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lisp</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a>, whereas <font color="#ff0000">#$ComputerLanguages</font> such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWVukJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HypertextMarkupLanguage</a> are not.