]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. buying A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExchangeOfUserRights</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingActivity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> is an event in which an agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a>) voluntarily pays (or agrees to pay later) for goods or services provided by another agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">seller</a>). A buying event might include subevents of negotiating, paying, and the transferring of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> is not a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_uG0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights</a>, since there need not be any money exchanged in the actual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> event; consider, e.g., a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreditSale</a>. Buying bought purchased will have sold purchasing sale has purchased had sold purchase purchases will have bought selling had bought had purchased sell has sold have bought has bought will buy sells sold will have purchased sales will purchase buys have purchased will sell have sold buy

Trade

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-sell-verb-1 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-sale-noun-1 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-sale-noun-2 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-buy-verb-1 buyback Each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rN7MT0CqlQdiAdNUsy98mfw" class="cyc_term">Buyback</a> is a type of sale in which the seller previously purchased the goods sold from the buyer, but now the seller is buying the items back. Buyback (BuyingFn MineDetectingEquipment) buying mine detecting equipment SellingAtALoss A collection of events; a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. In each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rQXQoUrvPEdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">SellingAtALoss</a>, someone sells something at a loss. sacrificing (BuyingFn Garbage-Generic) buying garbage The items sold were returned sale returned SaleReturned buying train ticket (BuyingFn TrainTicket) buying stuff A collection of events; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. In an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingAnObject</a>, the thing purchased (i.e., the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveWVspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">objectPaidFor</a>) is a material object. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingAService</a>. BuyingAnObject (BuyingFn CommercialOrganization) buying commercial organisation (BuyingFn House-Modern) buying a house buying car (BuyingFn Automobile) buying military equipment (BuyingFn MilitaryEquipment) A collection of events; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. Each instance of this collection is a buying that occurs as a subevent of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VacationTrip</a> to a place the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a> is not a resident of. buying while on vacation BuyingWhileOnATrip The items sold are in stock SaleItemsInStock sale item in stock buying endowment (BuyingFn Endowment-LifeInsurance) (BuyingFn HumanResidence) buying a home (BuyingFn FinancialOption) buying option buying computer (BuyingFn Computer) buying prescription drug (BuyingFn PrescriptionDrug) (BuyingFn PutOption) buying put option buying security (BuyingFn TradeableSecurity) (BuyingFn NightVisionGoggles) buying night vision goggles (UsingAFn CreditCardWithShortInterestFreePeriod) using credit card with short interest free period WholesalingALoan wholesaling a loan (BuyingFn InsurancePlan) buying insurance (BuyingFn HairCuttingEvent) buying haircut Dumping-Buying A collection of events; a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. In each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ruH88vLjlEdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">Dumping_Buying</a>, someone sells something at artificially low prices. dumping (BuyingFn FinancialFuture) buying financial future stock purchase The collection of all stock purchases. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingAnObject</a>. (BuyingFn Stock) buying biologically harmful substance (BuyingFn BiologicalAgentStuff) (BuyingFn NuclearRelatedMaterial) buying nuclear material buying GPS receiver (BuyingFn GPSReceiver) using credit card with a low annual percentage rate (UsingAFn CreditCardWithLowAPR) (BuyingFn FloweringPlant) buying magnoliophyte (BuyingFn CellularTelephone) buying cellular phone (UsingAFn CreditCardWithHighAPR) using credit card with a high annual percentage rate buying financial asset (BuyingFn FinancialAsset) buying modern residence (BuyingFn ModernHumanResidence) buying public housing (BuyingFn CouncilHouse) (BuyingFn Anthrax-DryForm) buying anthrax in dry form The items sold are on order sale items on order SaleItemsOnOrder (BuyingFn Petroleum-CrudeOil) buying petroleum (BuyingFn NuclearReactor) buying nuke buying a service BuyingAService A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingAService</a>, an agent exchanges money for some service (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjeRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ServiceEvent</a>). This collection includes events in which an agent buys both a good and a service (for instance, when an agent buys a sit-down meal in a restaurant), as well as events in which an agent pays for a service, but does not buy any goods (for instance, when a parent pays a babysitter to watch his or her child). buying protective human equipment (BuyingFn ProtectiveEquipment-Human) buying illegal drug (BuyingFn IllegalDrug) (BuyingFn RadioactiveStuff) buying radiological agent (BuyingFn ManufacturedHome) buying a prefabricated home (BuyingFn BusTicket) buying bus ticket (BuyingFn NewCar) buying new automobile using credit card with long interest free period (UsingAFn CreditCardWithLongInterestFreePeriod) An attribute for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> events. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpPoiWn8AEdaAAAABAjVgzA" class="cyc_term">salesObjectStatus</a> BUYING <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgLBELnS6EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">ForSale</a>) means that the object(s) bought during BUYING were for sale at the start of BUYING. ForSale for sale thing A collection of events; a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. In each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rxAfD1rjnEdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">ImpulseBuyingSomething</a>, someone buys something on impulse without proper reflection. impulse buying ImpulseBuyingSomething using legal tender (UsingAFn TenderObject) A collection of events; a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. In each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rEfpg7LtHEdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">Moving_Buying</a>, someone disposes of something by selling. moving Moving-Buying Buying events involving commercial organizations. Typically, this involves one business buying goods or services from another business. Typically, a purchase order is sent from the buyer, and the seller extends credit terms to the buyer for the transaction. commercial buying CommercialBuying A collection of events; a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. In each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rAKmS7rjmEdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">Undersell_Buying</a>, someone sells cheaper than their competition. underselling Undersell-Buying buying anti-theft device (BuyingFn AntiTheftDevice) buying furniture (BuyingFn FurniturePiece) A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjV2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Investing</a> is an event in which an agent buys something (e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Stock</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwUnQqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PreciousMetal</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTnpiPHS_EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Antique</a>s, or a stake in some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr8yJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessRelationshipActivity</a>) in the expectation that that thing will increase in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjU2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryValue</a> over time. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjV2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Investing</a> is disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpendingMoney</a> (q.v.). Investing investing buyout Buyout buying ice cream (BuyingFn IceCream) buying uranium (BuyingFn Uranium) This non-atomic reified term denotes the collection of buying events in which the object purchased is an instance of the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a>. (BuyingFn Artifact-Generic) buying generic artifact buying aeroplane (BuyingFn Airplane) charity card purchase (SubcollectionOfWithRelationToTypeFn Buying objectTendered CharityCard) buying classic car (BuyingFn ClassicCar) (BuyingFn Ticket) buying ticket (BuyingFn RealEstate) buying real estate buying business (BuyingFn Business) The items sold are backordered sale back ordered SaleBackOrdered (BuyingFn Bond-Agreement) buying bond (BuyingFn Drink) buying beverage A collection of events; a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. In each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rj6ijLrtGEdmAAAACs6hRjg" class="cyc_term">Disposing_Buying</a>, something gives, sells, or transfers to another. Disposing-Buying disposing using credit card (UsingAFn CreditCard) (BuyingFn ToxicSubstance) buying toxic substance A collection of events; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. In an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonCommercialSale</a>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a> is a `non-commercial' agent -- that is, is a person rather than a business or other organization. non-commercial sale NonCommercialSale buying gas (BuyingFn NaturalGas) NikeBuyingConverse-BusinessEvent Nike Buying Converse Business Event TheBuying A TheTerm to represent an event in which TheBuyer purchases something (either an object or a service) from TheSeller. The Buying A predicate that is used to make exceptions to constraints normally imposed by some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rk8dxOFcGEdaLwgACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointSetOrCollectionType</a> (qq.v.). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> SETORCOL1 SETORCOL2)</code> means that the pair consisting of <code>SETORCOL1</code> and <code>SETORCOL2</code> is exempt from the disjointness constraint that would otherwise be imposed because those set-or-collections are both elements of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rk8dxOFcGEdaLwgACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointSetOrCollectionType</a>. (See these collections' comments for a full explanation of the constraints.) For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SensoryNerve</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CranialNerve</a> are both instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwKTnSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganismPartType</a>, which in turn is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SiblingDisjointCollectionType</a>. Consequently, since <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SensoryNerve</a> is not a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CranialNerve</a> (or vice versa), the two collections have a default disjointness constraint placed between them. However, such a disjointness constraint should be blocked, since any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OpticNerve</a> is an instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SensoryNerve</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CranialNerve</a>. By asserting <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQtVmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblingDisjointExceptions</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SensoryNerve</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CranialNerve</a>)</code>, we block the disjointness constraint between those two collections, without disturbing the constraints between each of those collections and all their other (sibling) instances of the parent collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwKTnSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganismPartType</a>. Sibling Disjoint Exceptions siblingDisjointExceptions seller <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwKOnhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">sellingPerformer</a> COM AGENT)</code> means that <code>AGENT</code> actively pursues making a sale in <code>COM</code>. Note that <code>AGENT</code> may be either the seller of the goods in <code>COM</code> (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">seller</a>), or an agent representing the seller of the goods (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">sellingAgent</a>). sellingPerformer Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI buying A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExchangeOfUserRights</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingActivity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> is an event in which an agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a>) voluntarily pays (or agrees to pay later) for goods or services provided by another agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">seller</a>). A buying event might include subevents of negotiating, paying, and the transferring of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> is not a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_uG0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights</a>, since there need not be any money exchanged in the actual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> event; consider, e.g., a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreditSale</a>. Buying TestOWLExportConcept test OWL export concept A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ret7qgOKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a> (q.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r9fut4P7NEdmAAAACs2IKaQ" class="cyc_term">TestOWLExportConcept</a> are concepts each of which tests some aspect of the new export schema. Paying An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Paying</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkI05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransferringOwnership</a> in which one agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwDyEMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">payer</a>) transfers something of value to another agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">toPossessor</a>) in exchange for some goods or services rendered (or to be rendered). In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Paying</a>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwDyEMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">payer</a> gives the payee <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViSj5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FullUseRights</a> to the thing(s) transferred to the payee. See the #$SharedNoteOnTheDifferenceBetweenPayingAndSpendingMoney. payment A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. CommercialActivities-Financial-Topic commercial activities financial topic Required Arg 1 Pred requiredArg1Pred A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNZi3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaPredicate</a> for stating that every instance of a given collection is related to some thing or things by a given predicate. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdUGBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg1Pred</a> COL PRED)</code> means that for every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code>, there exists some sequence <code>ARGS</code> such that <code>(PRED INST . ARGS)</code> holds. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdUGBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg1Pred</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViz-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">hasMembers</a>) means that every organization has at least one member. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvvftiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg2Pred</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtSyCMo5bQdiKvbFrqtRipw" class="cyc_term">requiredArg3Pred</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1irJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyingPerformer</a> COM AGENT)</code> means that <code>AGENT</code> is the agent actually attempting to obtain goods or services in a purchase, by performing an active role in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a> <code>COM</code>. Generally, the agent who is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1irJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyingPerformer</a> is identical with the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a>, but in some cases the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1irJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyingPerformer</a> is instead a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyingAgent</a> representing the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a>. buyer buyingPerformer total charge (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj95ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">totalCharge</a> THING MONEY) means that the total charge for all goods, services, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi8wJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">salesTax</a> and other taxes, shipping and handling, delivery charges, discounts, etc., in order to buy the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> THING is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjU2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryValue</a> MONEY. For the thing's price without such extra charges, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViMf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">basicPrice</a>. This predicate is not to be confused with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rsbp5QHmNEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">totalCharge_Event</a>, which is the total charge not for a (purchased) thing but for a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> event. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjUlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">cost</a>. totalCharge Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString buying A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExchangeOfUserRights</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingActivity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> is an event in which an agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a>) voluntarily pays (or agrees to pay later) for goods or services provided by another agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">seller</a>). A buying event might include subevents of negotiating, paying, and the transferring of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> is not a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_uG0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights</a>, since there need not be any money exchanged in the actual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> event; consider, e.g., a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreditSale</a>. Buying buying A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExchangeOfUserRights</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingActivity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> is an event in which an agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a>) voluntarily pays (or agrees to pay later) for goods or services provided by another agent (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">seller</a>). A buying event might include subevents of negotiating, paying, and the transferring of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> is not a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_uG0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights</a>, since there need not be any money exchanged in the actual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> event; consider, e.g., a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreditSale</a>. Buying TemporalObjectType temporal object type A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally object-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally object-like just in case it generally holds that any proper purely temporal parts (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>. More precisely, a collection <code>COL</code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> just in case it satisfies the following: For any distinct <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then not <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. For example, none of the proper time-slices of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is itself a calendar year. Likewise for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> are both instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>. Conversely, a proper time-slice of a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> might itself be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> (e.g. an hour has minutes and seconds as time-slices); so <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> is not a temporal-object-type. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally stuff-like. Required Actor Slots A typed-specialization (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3W2hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvo8bsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rolesForEventType</a> (q.v.), whose second argument-place is constrained to instances (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ActorSlot</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> EVENTTYPE ACTORSLOT) means that for any instance EVENT of EVENTTYPE, there is some participant ACTOR that fills ACTORSLOT in EVENT (i.e. (ACTORSLOT EVENT ACTOR) holds). For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjeiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWStbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">outputsCreated</a>) means that in any creation event some output is created. requiredActorSlots monetary transaction MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExchangeOfUserRights</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVids5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MoneyTransaction</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_uG0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights</a> is an event in which two instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (who are related to the event via specializations of the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV37_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">exchangers</a>) perform two reciprocal instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViM85wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransferringPossession</a>, one of which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MoneyTransfer</a>. The agent who performs the instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MoneyTransfer</a> (this agent is related to the event via the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a>) gives some money to the other agent (who is related to the event via the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">seller</a>) in order to gain some user rights over an object possessed by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">seller</a> (this object is related to the event via the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveWVspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">objectPaidFor</a>). The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">seller</a> relinquishes some user rights over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveWVspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">objectPaidFor</a> to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a>, in exchange for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">buyer</a>'s money (which is related to the event via the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViT0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">objectTendered</a>). Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_uG0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjXvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Renting</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a>. wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViG3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SelectingSomething</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViHpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialActivity</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingActivity</a> is a collection of events that are very generally related to purchasing goods or services. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingActivity</a> is an event that is either (i) a common prelude to buying (i.e., the kinds of activities that contribute to their doers becoming buyers), or (ii) an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buying</a> itself. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BuyingActivity</a> include shopping for, or ordering, something very specific, and also general expressions of interest in purchasing something, such as placing an `Item Wanted' ad in a newspaper. buying activity BuyingActivity