]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. national president President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. national presidents http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-president-noun-3 UnitedStatesPresident A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj1zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPerson</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a> is a person who holds the office of President of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>. United States president A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rRcJbkluqEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PresidentOfIran</a> is the collection of persons who hold the office of President in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj11JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Iran</a>. At any given time this collection will have at most one instance. president of iran PresidentOfIran The collection of persons who hold, or have held, the office of President in China. PresidentOfChina president of China The collection of persons who hold, or have held, the office of President in Russia. president of Russia PresidentOfRussia KimIl-Sung Kim Il Sung MohammedSiadBarrah Mohammed Siad Barrah MaunoKoivisto Mauno Koivisto Finland's President-HeadOfState from 1988 to 1994. Benazir Bhutto BenazirBhutto SeyniKountche The person who is President-HeadOfState of Niger-AtPresent. Seyni Kountche Pervez Musharraf PervezMusharraf SalvadorJorgeBlanco Salvador Jorge Blanco The current HeadOfState of the country of the DominicanRepublic Paul Kagame PaulKagame Olesegun Obasanjo OlesegunObasanjo Fernando Henrique Cardoso FernandoHenriqueCardoso HosniMubarak The President-HeadOfState of Egypt-AtPresent. Hosni Mubarak Chengara Veetil Devan Nair ChengaraVeetilDevanNair The President-HeadOfState of Singapore-AtPresent. Daniel Arap Moi DanielArapMoi The President-HeadOfState of Yugoslavia-1986. Veselin Diuranovic VeselinDiuranovic Aristide Pereira AristidePereira The current HeadOfState of the country of CapeVerde Moussa Traore MoussaTraore The person who is President-HeadOfState of Djibouti-1986 HassanGouledAptidon Hassan Gouled Aptidon MohamedIbrahimEgal Mohamed Ibrahim Egal has been the president of the Republic Of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD70KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Somaliland</a> from its founding in 1991 through the year 2000. He achieved independence from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViJzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Somalia</a>, but has not been able to get <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD70KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Somaliland</a> recognized diplomatically. Muhamad Ibrahim Egal The person who is President-HeadOfState of Botswana-1986 President Quett Masire QuettMasire Siaka Stevens SiakaPStevens Linden Forbes Burnham LindenForbesBurnham The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalGuyana-1986. The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalChile-AtPresent Augusto Pinochet Ugarte AugustoPinochetUgarte Jiang Zemin Jiang was elected President of the People's Republic of China in March 1993. JiangZemin The person who is President-HeadOfState of BurkinaFaso-1986 Thomas Sankara ThomasSankara Chaim Herzog The President-HeadOfState of Israel-AtPresent ChaimHerzog The President-HeadOfState of Laos-AtPresent. Souphanouvong Souphanouvong SamoraMachel Samora Machel CorazonAquino Corazon Aquino MohammadZiaUl-Haq The President-HeadOfGovernment of Pakistan-AtPresent. Mohammad Zia Ul-Haq JoseNapoleonDuarte The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalElSalvador-AtPresent. President Duarte HafezAlAssad Hafez al-Asad President of Syria from 1971-2000. President Sinan Hasani SinanHasani The President-HeadOfState of Yugoslavia-1988. Jean-BertrandAristide Jean-Bertrand Aristide RamaswamyVenkataraman Ramaswamy Venkataraman The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalHonduras-1986. RobertoSuazoCordova President Cordova MegawatiSukarnoputri Megawati Sukarnoputri Chun Doo Hwan The president-headOfState of SouthKorea ChunDooHwan The President-HeadOfState of Austria-1986. Rudolf Kirchschlaeger RudolfKirchschlaeger LeonFebres-Cordero Leon Febres Cordero The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalEcuador-AtPresent Richard Von Weizsacker The president-HeadOfState of WestGermany-AtPresent. RichardVonWeizsacker The president-HeadOfState and also the PresidentOfTheRevolutionaryCouncil of Afthanisthan-AtPresent. HajiMohammadChamkani President Haji Mohammad Chamkani Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez LuisAlbertoMongeAlvarez Lansana Conte LansanaConte The current HeadOfState of the country of Dominica Clarence Augustus Seignoret ClarenceAugustusSeignoret President Suharto Suharto MarttiAhtisaari Martti Ahtisaari Aleksandr Lukashenko AleksandrLukashenko Christos Sartzetakis ChristosSartzetakis The President-HeadOfState of Greece-AtPresent. HastingsKamuzuBanda Hastings Banda FrederickChiluba Frederick Chiluba EllisEIClarke Ellis EI Clarke The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalTrinidad&Tobago-AtPresent The HeadOfState of Algeria-1988. ChadliBendjedid Chadli Bendjedid Milton Obote MiltonObote The President-HeadOfState of Uganda-AtPresent. The current HeadOfState of the country of the DominicanRepublic-1988. JoaquinBalaguer President Joaqin Balaguer FidelCastroRuz Fidel Castro Kurt Waldheim The President-HeadOfState of Austria-AtPresident. KurtWaldheim President Samuel Doe SamuelKDoe LiXiannian Li Xiannian Maumoon Abdul Gayoom The current HeadOfState of the country of Maldives MaumoonAbdulGayoom The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalFrance-AtPresent. FrancoisMitterrand Francois Mitterand The President-HeadOfState of Singapore-1988. WeeKimWee Wee Kim Wee Heng Samrin HengSamrin The President-HeadOfGovernment of Cambodia-AtPresent. The current HeadOfState of the Philippines-1986. FerdinandEMarcos Ferdinand Marcos Raul Alfonsin RaulAlfonsin Andrei Gromyko AndreiGromyko Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo TeodoroObiangNguemaMbasogo HammerDeRoburt Hammer De Roburt The current HeadOfState of the country of Nauru Hernan Siles Zuazo HernanSilesZuazo Miguel De La Madrid Hurtado MiguelDeLaMadridHurtado Todor Zhivkov TodorZhivkov The HeadOfState of Bulgaria. Hosain Mohammad Ershad The President-HeadOfState of Bangladesh-AtPresident. HosainMohammadErshad The current HeadOfState of the country of Portugal-1986. Antonio Dos Santos Ramalho Eanes AntonioDosSantosRamalhoEanes A collection of people. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJmRJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PresidentOfOrganization</a> is a person who is among the highest leaders of some organization. Presidents often represent their organizations to outside entities, and may or may not have day-to-day authority within their organizations. president of an organization PresidentOfOrganization seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI DB pedia OWL class DBPediaOWLClass A collection of collections. Each instance of this collection is a collection that corresponds to one of the classes in the DBPedia ontology. politics and government geography topic PoliticsAndGovernment-Geography-Topic President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. PersonTypeByPositionInOrg type of position A collection of collections. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is a collection representing a type of position in an organization. More precisely, each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is the collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> who typically hold that position within some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a> or other. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ryPJOODDbQdic45ams7ynvA" class="cyc_term">Scout</a> is the collection of all persons who are scouts -- e.g. people who lead people through wilderness areas or jungles. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ryPJOODDbQdic45ams7ynvA" class="cyc_term">Scout</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> because typically a scout performs those duties within the context of their employment with some organization or other. Some other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrzr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mayor</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWO8wpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CampaignManager</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Director_Movie</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-ikj5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BaseballShortstop</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjKbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Secretary</a>. Obviously, which position-types are filled in a given organization partly depends on the type of organization it is; thus cities have mayors while business firms do not. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is _not_ a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> (q.v.); the latter categorizes workers according to the kinds of activities they perform at work rather than the positions organization members hold in their respective organizations. The typical activities of a vice president of a toy manufacturer (e.g.) are likely to be very unlike those of the vice president of a stamp club. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> need not be a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>. Since every action is taken to be performed as part of one's job in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JobMt</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> there. Politician An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjntpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politician</a> is a person who is involved in politics. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjntpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politician</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4AMiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectoralCandidate</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNupwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfPoliticalParty</a>. politician Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString A collection of collections. Each instance is a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> whose instances are all of the same title. HeadOfStateTypeByTitle head of state type by title A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj3UZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueenElizabethII</a>, #$YassirArafat, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hirohito</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ruhcttPM6QdaeBJmcoMObkQ" class="cyc_term">JiangZemin</a>. See also the related constants <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvhy8OJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">titleOfPosition</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. HeadOfState head of state President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national president A collection of persons. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a> is a person who holds the title of president of some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>, whether that title belongs to a position which is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBp5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BillClinton</a>, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui. presidentOfCountry President Of Country <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQNoiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">presidentOfCountry</a> COUNTRY PERSON)</code> means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgent</a> <code>PERSON</code> is a president (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">President_HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState</a>) of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjl2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeopoliticalEntity</a> <code>COUNTRY</code>. National presidents may be elected by the people, appointed by the legislature or other ruling group, or they may be be self-declared. requiredArg2Pred A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNZi3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaPredicate</a> for stating that every instance of a given collection is related (as the "arg2") to some thing or things by a given predicate. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvvftiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg2Pred</a> COL PRED) means that for every instance INST of COL, there exists some sequence <X1, X3, ..., Xn> of such that (PRED X1 INST X3 ... Xn) holds. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvvftiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg2Pred</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPSHP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Side</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwKKmw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">objectSides</a>) means that every side is the side of at least one object. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdUGBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg1Pred</a>. Required Arg 2 Pred