]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. negotiating Negotiating A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a>. In each instance of this collection an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> communicates with another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> with the (ostensible) purpose of their reaching an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>. Two notable specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5qSV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bargaining</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVrT7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContractNegotiation</a>. negotiates negotiated will negotiate had negotiated negotiate has negotiated negotiations will have negotiated have negotiated negotiation

Negotiation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-negotiation-noun-1 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-negociate-verb-6 The collection of events where agents negotiate over the terms of a contract, the most typical example being the negotiation of a price for an item to be purchased. Bargaining bargaining peace negotiation PeaceNegotiation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjt_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Negotiating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rJooGUP00EdmAAAACs6M1uw" class="cyc_term">PeaceNegotiation</a> is a negotiation having as its end the peaceful resolution of some armed conflict. ContractNegotiation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjt_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Negotiating</a>, Each instance of this collection is a negotiation which leads to the formation of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvZvacpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Contract</a> -- either between the participants or between the parties they represent in the negotiations. See also the more specialized <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWbbnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesContractNegotiation</a>. contract negotiation TreatyNegotiation treaty negotiation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjt_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Negotiating</a>, Each instance of this collection is a negotiation which leads to the formation of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD8ghJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Treaty</a> -- either between the participants or between the parties they represent in the negotiations. the Middle East Peace Process MiddleEastPeaceProcess The process of negoatiating peace settlements between Israel and various other countries and groups. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPvV45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JimmyCarter</a> was instrumental in getting the process started, with the Camp David peace accord negotiations involving Anwar Sedat and Menachim Begin. The process has stalled numerous times since its inception. Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI negotiating Negotiating A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a>. In each instance of this collection an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> communicates with another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> with the (ostensible) purpose of their reaching an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>. Two notable specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5qSV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bargaining</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVrT7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContractNegotiation</a>. type of temporally stuff-like thing TemporalStuffType A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a> is an action in which two or more agents take part. In many cases, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a>s involve communication among the participating agents. Some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a> have very elaborate role structures (e.g. a typical lawsuit), while others have fairly simple role structures (e.g. greeting a colleague at work). social event SocialOccurrence negotiators negotiator (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgIe55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negotiators</a> NEGOTIATION AGENT) means that AGENT participates, deliberately, as a negotiating party, in the negotiating event (instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjt_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Negotiating</a>) NEGOTIATION. The intent is that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgIe55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negotiators</a> be broad in some respects, yet narrow in others. Consider the negotiations that occurred in the Spring of 1998 with the goal of producing an agreement between Unionist and Republican factions in Northern Ireland. Assuming the existence of appropriate constants, these would be correct assertions: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgIe55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negotiators</a> <the negotiation> <the Unionist faction>), (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgIe55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negotiators</a> <the negotiation> <the Republican faction>), since the two mentioned factions were the parties seeking to reach an agreement in the negotiations. It would also be correct to say (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgIe55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negotiators</a> <the negotiations> MartinMcGuinness), since McGuinness acted as a representative of one of the negotiating factions. However, although in an informal sense the United States and its representative, George Mitchell, acted as 'negotiators', by playing the role of promoting progress in the negotiations, both the following would be incorrect assertions: (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgIe55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negotiators</a> <the negotiations> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>), (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgIe55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negotiators</a> <the negotiations> GeorgeMitchell). To describe the role the US and Sen. Mitchell played in the negotiations, use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVicSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">mediators</a>. negotiating Negotiating A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a>. In each instance of this collection an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> communicates with another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> with the (ostensible) purpose of their reaching an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>. Two notable specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5qSV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bargaining</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVrT7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ContractNegotiation</a>. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString MultiDirectionalCommunication dialog A collection of complex information transfer events. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a> is an event in which more than one agent plays the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rt4Hz8rsOQdiUO4DMdSL3eA" class="cyc_term">communicatorOfInfo</a> role. For example, a conversation or a debate, as opposed to a speech or lecture. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVo0U5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">infoContributed</a> is used to correlate each sending agent with the information s/he transmits in such an event. For communication acts having only one sender, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. some sample kinds of social actions social topic SomeSampleKindsOfSocialActions-Social-Topic Required Actor Slots A typed-specialization (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3W2hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvo8bsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rolesForEventType</a> (q.v.), whose second argument-place is constrained to instances (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ActorSlot</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> EVENTTYPE ACTORSLOT) means that for any instance EVENT of EVENTTYPE, there is some participant ACTOR that fills ACTORSLOT in EVENT (i.e. (ACTORSLOT EVENT ACTOR) holds). For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjeiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWStbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">outputsCreated</a>) means that in any creation event some output is created. requiredActorSlots wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name