]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Algorithm A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjjH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalOrComputationalThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (qq.v.). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a> is a particular finite sequence of operations that constitutes an effective, or strictly mechanical, procedure for completing some task, computing some function, or simply performing a number of unrelated operations. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgBVeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CWIS</a> use algorithms (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj8cJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programAlgorithms</a>), and some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Instructions</a> (e.g. some instances of its specializations <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjN8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Recipe_CW</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm-5epwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectionsToGetSomewhere</a>), if sufficiently explicit, involve algorithms. An algorithm can be viewed as a specific way of computing a particular instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxAsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Function_Denotational</a>, i.e. a way determining the value of the function for any argument in the function's domain (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSK5WZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">algorithmComputes</a>). algorithm most algorithmic algorithmic more algorithmic algorithms

Algorithm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-algorithm-noun-1 The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a>s which are used in the encrypting and decrypting of information. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNsJ6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">encryptionAlgorithms</a>. encryption algorithm EncryptionAlgorithm SearchAlgorithm search algorithm The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a>s which are used to search for information. sorting algorithm The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a>s which are used to sort information. SortingAlgorithm The collection of all string-search algorithms. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a>. StringSearchAlgorithm string-search algorithm The collection of all hashing algorithms. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a>. HashingAlgorithm hashing algorithm The collection of all message-passing algorithms. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a>. MessagePassingAlgorithm message-passing algorithm The collection of all numerical analysis algorithms. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a>. NumericalAnalysisAlgorithm numerical analysis algorithm FunctionalAlgorithm functional algorithm A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r1B6N2Hl4EdaAAAACs0uXdw" class="cyc_term">FunctionalAlgorithm</a> is an algorithm with only one defined output. Note that instances of this collection may make other computations as a side effect, but there is only one "official" result. Such algorithms are well suited to being abstracted out as independent instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rDkbmEkvwEdaZRgACs0uXdw" class="cyc_term">ProgramFunction</a> in computer programs. graph search algorithm The collection of all graph search algorithms. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a>. GraphSearchAlgorithm Algorithm A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjjH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalOrComputationalThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (qq.v.). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a> is a particular finite sequence of operations that constitutes an effective, or strictly mechanical, procedure for completing some task, computing some function, or simply performing a number of unrelated operations. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgBVeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CWIS</a> use algorithms (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj8cJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programAlgorithms</a>), and some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Instructions</a> (e.g. some instances of its specializations <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjN8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Recipe_CW</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm-5epwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectionsToGetSomewhere</a>), if sufficiently explicit, involve algorithms. An algorithm can be viewed as a specific way of computing a particular instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxAsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Function_Denotational</a>, i.e. a way determining the value of the function for any argument in the function's domain (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSK5WZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">algorithmComputes</a>). algorithm ObjectType type of object The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. Algorithm A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjjH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalOrComputationalThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (qq.v.). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a> is a particular finite sequence of operations that constitutes an effective, or strictly mechanical, procedure for completing some task, computing some function, or simply performing a number of unrelated operations. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgBVeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CWIS</a> use algorithms (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj8cJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programAlgorithms</a>), and some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Instructions</a> (e.g. some instances of its specializations <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjN8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Recipe_CW</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm-5epwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectionsToGetSomewhere</a>), if sufficiently explicit, involve algorithms. An algorithm can be viewed as a specific way of computing a particular instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxAsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Function_Denotational</a>, i.e. a way determining the value of the function for any argument in the function's domain (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSK5WZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">algorithmComputes</a>). algorithm Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString Algorithm A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjjH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalOrComputationalThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (qq.v.). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Algorithm</a> is a particular finite sequence of operations that constitutes an effective, or strictly mechanical, procedure for completing some task, computing some function, or simply performing a number of unrelated operations. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgBVeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CWIS</a> use algorithms (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj8cJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programAlgorithms</a>), and some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Instructions</a> (e.g. some instances of its specializations <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjN8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Recipe_CW</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm-5epwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectionsToGetSomewhere</a>), if sufficiently explicit, involve algorithms. An algorithm can be viewed as a specific way of computing a particular instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxAsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Function_Denotational</a>, i.e. a way determining the value of the function for any argument in the function's domain (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSK5WZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">algorithmComputes</a>). algorithm mathematical or computational object The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjjo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> things that are intrinsically mathematical (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjltpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalThing</a>) or computational (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputationalObject</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjjH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalOrComputationalThing</a> are abstract in the very strong sense of being nonspatial, atemporal, and massless. Examples include numbers, sets, collections, relations, algorithms, and abstract character strings. MathematicalOrComputationalThing AspatialInformationStore information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r6-GNDEkIQdeTPvxS8JnCLA" class="cyc_term">AspatialThing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjj45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> is the collection of all information stores that have no spatial location. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA1ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Although no instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> has a spatial location, some instances can have multiple spatio-temporal "embodiments". For example, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtEvQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInfoPropositional_IBT</a>); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> as their content (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjCQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>). wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name