]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. philosopher Philosopher A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>; in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj-c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanActivitiesMt</a> this collection is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a>, in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JobMt</a> it is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a> is a person who habitually thinks about philosophical matters such as what is or might be, what we can know, how we can know anything, etc. In the contemporary era most philosophers are academics or professionals, but a significant number (now and historically) don't fit this profile. thinkers thinker philosophers http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-philosopher-noun-1 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-philosopher-noun-2 political philosopher The collection of all political philosophers. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkBZgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoliticalPhilosopher</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a>. PoliticalPhilosopher Ethicist ethicist The collection of all ethicists. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rugZ-TitAQdiMZ-wb7y15rA" class="cyc_term">Ethicist</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a>. The collection of all theologians. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a>. Theologian theologian Also known as the angelic doctor. born: 1225. died: 1274. A monk noted both for his physical bulk and his affect on the development of Christian Theology. Aquinas moved the church's scholarly emphasis away from Plato, and toward Aristotle. This opened the door for theologians to argue on the basis of human reason, and not merely faith alone. Aquinas thus had an enormous effect on the development of Western Science, since questioning how the world worked was now considered a laudable subject of religious inquiry. ThomasAquinas Thomas Aquinas Charles de Montesquieu CharlesDeMontesquieu KurtGodel Kurt Godel The most important logician of the twentieth century. He demonstrated the completeness of the first-order predicate calculus and the incompleteness of any formal system strong enough to demonstrate the truths of Peano arithmetic. He also made important contributions to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv36W7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetTheory</a> and to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>. George Berkeley GeorgeBerkeley-Philosopher The German rhetorical stylist, philosopher of ethics and essayist who is famous for his development of the notion of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzoMs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Nietzschean_Superman</a>, or UberMensch, a person who sets his/her own moral standards and is not dependent on the approval or approbation of his social group. Despite his remarkable misanthropy and misogyny, Nietzsche never directed his bile against any single ethnic grouping in fact, it was a distaste for racism in general that caused him to end his friendship with the German composer <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwDzbIZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RichardWagner</a>. Nonetheless, his moral standpoint was open to misinterpretation, and his philosophies on the superman mentality were later adopted and perverted by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBgoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GermanNaziParty</a>. FriedrichNietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche Baruch Spinoza BaruchSpinoza ImmanuelKant Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who lived from 1724-1804. He is most famous for what he called his "Copernican Revolution" in philosophy, according to which the mind is neither the sole active originator of experience nor a mere passive recipient of experience; rather, the form of experience is contributed by the mind while the intuited content of experience is both necessary for empirical knowledge and a product of factors other than the mind. Immanuel Kant John Searle is a philosopher who has made major contributions to the study of speech acts, artificial intelligence, intentionality, and consciousness. John Searle JohnSearle JeanJacquesRousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau Bernanrd Williams An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a>. English philosopher credited with reviving the field of moral philosophy (1929-2003). BernanrdArthurOwenWilliams-Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer ArthurSchopenhauer ReneDescartes Rene Descartes AlonzoChurch Church was professor of mathematics at Princeton University and later professor of mathematics and philosophy at UCLA. His work has been greatly influential in the fields of mathematical logic, recursion theory, and theoretical computer science. At the time of his death, Church was widely regarded as the greatest living logician in the world. Among his greatest contributions: the lambda calculus, Church's Thesis (every effectively computable function can be computed by a recursive function). Alonzo Church BertrandRussell <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BertrandRussell</a> was a philosopher whose most influential contributions include his defense of logicism and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of analytic philosophy. Along with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvarT5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KurtGodel</a>, he is also often credited with being one of the two most important logicians of the twentieth century. Imprisoned in 1918 for pacifism, he was increasingly engaged in political activities. In 1950 he won the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzn-O5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NobelPrizeForLiterature_1950</a>. Bertrand Russell Donald Davidson DonaldDavidson Together with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIaTXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WillardVanOrmanQuine</a>, whose student he was at Harvard, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rVvCbpFGeEdaToQABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">DonaldDavidson</a> is one of the most important figures in 20th-century Anglo-American philosophy. He developed Quine's ideas about meaning and reference in novel and -- by some accounts -- deeper ways, especially in the philosophies of mind, psychology, language and action. Davidson is renowned for a string of stunningly short papers that are now recognized as seminal works in their respective areas: meaning and Tarskian truth theories, events and causation, the logical form of action sentences, radical interpretation, the existence of alternative conceptual schemes. Davidson's interpretation of action sentences as existence claims about event particulars forms the conceptual basis for Cyc's event and actor-slot vocabulary. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv8-AEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Parmenides</a> was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Parmenides Parmenides Cicero Cicero Anaximenes Anaximenes was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Anaximenes <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv6FRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Epicurus</a> was a Greek philosopher who lived at the start of the Hellenistic age. He was a materialist and a hedonist, thinking that the goal of life is to attain tranquillity. Epicureanism survived as a philosophical 'school' for many centuries. Epicurus Epicurus A student of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rr9CCkSGgEdaaVQBQ2sS97Q" class="cyc_term">AlonzoChurch</a> and one of the greatest logicians of the 20th century. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rr9CpoSGgEdaaVQBQ2sS97Q" class="cyc_term">StephenCKleene</a>'s greatest influence was on theory of computability, both in its mathematical and philosophical aspects. Among its greatest contributions: the development of the theory of degrees of computability, computable ordinals and the arithmetic hierarchy; recursive realizability, an intepretation of intuitionistic mathematics in computability theory. StephenCKleene Stephen Kleene Edmund Husserl EdmundHusserl <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4kaJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GottlobFrege</a> was one of the founders of modern symbolic logic. Gottlob Frege GottlobFrege AlbertCamus Albert Camus DavidHartley-Philosopher David Hartley An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a>. English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757). John Locke JohnLocke DavidHume David Hume An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MaleHuman</a>. German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831). Hegel Georg Hegel <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViKKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thales</a> was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Thales Thales A Greek phiosopher, born in Abdera, near Thrace. Democritus, along with Leucippus, was the first to develop an atomistic metaphysics: only atoms and empty space exist. Democritus Democritus Pythagoras <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPJozpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pythagoras</a> was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Pythagoras AlfredNorthWhitehead <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AlfredNorthWhitehead</a> is a philosopher who is best known for his collaboration in mathematics and logic with his pupil <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BertrandRussell</a>. Also, he developed a general and systematic process metaphysics. Alfred Whitehead FranzBrentano Franz Brentano Wilfred Sellars WilfredSellars <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwUWKLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WilfredSellars</a> was a systematic philosopher who understood the aim of philosophy as 'to understand how things in the broadest possible sense of the term hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term'. WilliamJames William James LudwigWittgenstein Ludwig Wittgenstein David Lewis David Lewis was a philosopher who made major contributions to metaphysics, the philosophy of language and the philosophy of logic. He is perhaps best known for his work on the nature of possible worlds. DavidLewis Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-PaulSartre C S Peirce <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwMvxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharlesPeirce</a> was the first significant American <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-Pbe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Logician</a>. CharlesPeirce Robin Collingwood RobinGeorgeCollingwood Martin Heidegger MartinHeidegger-Philosopher An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a>. German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976). Karl Marx KarlMarx J. L. Austin was an "ordinary language" philosopher at Oxford in the early part of the 20th century. He made major contributions to the study of speech acts. J. L. Austin JohnLAustin Anaximander Anaximander was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Anaximander WillardVanOrmanQuine W. V. O. Quine Willard Van Orman Quine was a 20th century metaphysician, epistemologist, and philosopher of logic and language. His main contribution to philosophy was a well-worked out skepticism towards meaning, analyticity, and modality. Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle is an ancient Greek philosopher. Socrates Socrates is an ancient Greek philosopher. Socrates philosopher Philosopher A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>; in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj-c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanActivitiesMt</a> this collection is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a>, in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JobMt</a> it is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a> is a person who habitually thinks about philosophical matters such as what is or might be, what we can know, how we can know anything, etc. In the contemporary era most philosophers are academics or professionals, but a significant number (now and historically) don't fit this profile. the union of { person, fictional people } (CollectionUnionFn (TheSet Person (FictionalFn Person))) A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkFrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teacher</a>. Each instance is a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines. scholarly person Scholar seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> <b>THING</b> <b>URI</b>)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI philosopher Philosopher A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>; in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj-c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanActivitiesMt</a> this collection is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a>, in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JobMt</a> it is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a> is a person who habitually thinks about philosophical matters such as what is or might be, what we can know, how we can know anything, etc. In the contemporary era most philosophers are academics or professionals, but a significant number (now and historically) don't fit this profile. DB pedia OWL class DBPediaOWLClass A collection of collections. Each instance of this collection is a collection that corresponds to one of the classes in the DBPedia ontology. Professional-Adult A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>. A person is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvooD95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Professional_Adult</a> just in case he or she is an adult and a professional. adult worker person A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVilYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndividualAgent</a>: the collection of all persons. Personhood is a vague, emotionally loaded yet extremely salient concept with respect to common-sense reasoning. Something is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> if it is an individual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> with perceptual sensibility, capable of complex social relationships, and possessing a certain moral sophistication and an intrinsic moral value, or -- if it lacks certain of these characteristics -- is a member of a distinct type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (usually a species) which generally possesses such characteristics and is therefore acknowledged by other members of that type as a person within their social systems. Most currently known instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rIcwFloGUQdeMlsOWYLFB2w" class="cyc_term">HomoSapiens</a> but there is no reason why all need be (consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdRsSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hobbit</a>s in the fictional world of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi8lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LordOfTheRings_Trilogy</a>). They need not even be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVim7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalLivingObject</a> (consider the possibility of a person-like AI). Also note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> excludes non-human &quot;legal persons&quot;, who are, however, included in the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgent</a>. Person type of profession A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> is a collection of workers (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonWithOccupation</a>) and is defined in terms of the kind of work done. The various instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a> correspond to jobs of all kinds, and not just to those colloquially called &quot;professions&quot;. Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjONJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgrammerProfessional</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjkWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FoodServiceEmployee</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQwxbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MedicalCareProfessional</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQwl6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SalesRepresentative</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjilJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Brewer</a>, and many others. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>. PersonTypeByOccupation Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString philosopher Philosopher A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>; in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj-c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanActivitiesMt</a> this collection is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a>, in the context of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JobMt</a> it is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVii2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByOccupation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjuapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Philosopher</a> is a person who habitually thinks about philosophical matters such as what is or might be, what we can know, how we can know anything, etc. In the contemporary era most philosophers are academics or professionals, but a significant number (now and historically) don't fit this profile.