]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeMinister_HeadOfGovernment</a> is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister in some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. prime minister PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment Prime Ministers prime ministers deputy prime minister A deputy prime minister is second in command to the #$primeminister. DPMs fill in for the PMs whenever the PM is absent. DPMs will also often succeed the PMs if the PM unexpectedly resigns or dies. DeputyPrimeMinister terrorist whose Occupation includes prime minister (SubcollectionOfWithRelationToFn Terrorist occupation PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment) KonstandinosCostasSimitis Konstandinos Costas Simitis RashidIbnSaidAl-Maktum Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid al-Maktoum The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for SolomonIslands-1988. EzekialAlebua Ezekial Alebua LokendraBahadur Lokendra Bahadur The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Nepal-1986. Rudd Lubbers RuddLubbers YitzhakRabin The Prime Minister of Israel in the mid-1990's. Yitzhak Rabin HarriHolkeri Harri Holkeri The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for Finland-1988. Benjamin Netanyahu BenjaminNetanyahu LeabuaJonathan Leabua Jonathan ZaydBinShakir Zayd bin Shakir Shaikh Saad Abdulla As Salim As Sabah ShaikhSaadAbdullaAs-SalimAs-Sabah The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Kuwait-AtPresent. Muhammad Naji Al Otari MuhammadNajiAlOtari ShavkatMirziyayev Shavkat Mirziyayev JeanChretien Jean Chretien Mikhail Yefimovich MikhailYefimovich Ahmed Ouyahia AhmedOuyahia LuisRocaPercovich Luis Roca Percovich The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of PoliticalPeru-1986. MichaelSomare Michael Somare The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for PapuaNewGuinea-1986. Edward Seaga EdwardSeaga Lamberto Dini LambertoDini The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of PoliticalPeru-1988. Luis Castro LuisAlvaCastro LaurentFabius The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of PoliticalFrance-AtPresent. Laurent Fabius TurgutOzal The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of PoliticalTurkey-AtPresent. Turgut Ozal The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Bangladesh-1988. MizanurRahmanChowdhury Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury Brian Mulroney BrianMulroney The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for Canada-AtPresent. Ljubco Georgievski LjubcoGeorgievski Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali MirZafarullahKhanJamali Lynden Oscar Pindling The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for Bahamas-AtPresent. LyndenOscarPindling HafezAlAssad Hafez al-Asad President of Syria from 1971-2000. The HeadOfGovernment of Guyana-AtPresent Hamilton Green HamiltonGreen KamalAhmedAl-Ganzouri Kamal Ahmed al-Ganzouri IndiraGandhi Indira Gandhi Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi JunichiroKoizumi Andreas Papandreou The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Greece-AtPresent. AndreasPapandreou ErifasiOtemaAllimadi Erifasi Otema Allimadi Shukri Muhammad Ghanim ShukriMuhammadGhanim WilliStoph Willi Stoph Rajiv Gandhi The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of PoliticalIndia-AtPresent RajivGandhi ShimonPeres Shimon Peres The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Israel-1986. CostasKaramanlis Costas Karamanlis PrimeMinisterGoranPersson Prime Minister Goran Persson Jacques Chirac The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of PoliticalFrance-1988. JacquesChirac ChinLeeChong Chin Lee Chong The primeMinister-headOfGovernment of SouthKorea YasuhiroNakasone Yasuhiro Nakasone GordonBrown Gordon Brown Mohammad Karim Lamrani MohammadKarimLamrani RobertJamesLeeHawke Robert James Lee Hawke The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for Australia-AtPresent. Winston Churchill WinstonChurchill BertieAhern Bertie Ahern Lho Shin Yong The primeMinister-headOfGovernment of SouthKorea-1988. LhoShinYong Atef Ebeid AtefMohamedEbeid The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Israel-1988. Yitzhak Shamir YitzhakShamir ManmohanSingh Manmohan Singh HerbertBlaize Herbert Blaize The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for Grenada-AtPresent. Walter Lini WalterLini The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for Vanuatu-AtPresent. The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for Taiwan-AtPresent. YuKuo-hwa YuKuo-hwa The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Singapore-AtPresent. LeeKuanYew Lee Kuan Yew Lubomir Strougal The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Czechoslovakia-AtPresent. LubomirStrougal BulentEcevit Bulent Ecevit Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici The HeadOfGovernment of the RepublicOfMalta. CarmeloMifsudBonnici Necmettin Erbakan NecmettinErbakan EhudBarak Ehud Barak The HeadOfGovernment of the RepublicOfMalta-1988. Eddie Fenech Adami EddieFenechAdami The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for the Philippines in 1986 CesarVirata Cesar Virata TupuolaEfi Tupuola Efi The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for WesternSamoan-AtPresent. The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for Tuvalu-AtPresent. TomasiPuapua Tomasi Puapua Hugh Desmond Hoyte HughDesmondHoyte The President-HeadOfState of PoliticalGuyana-AtPresent. Tony Blair TonyBlair RashidAbdulHamidKarami Rashid Abdul Hamid Karami The PrimeMinister-HeadOfState of Yugoslavia-1986. MilkaPlaninc Milka Planinc ConstantinDescalescu The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of PoliticalRomania-AtPresent. Constantin Descalescu The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of UnitedKingdomOfGBAndNIreland-1986 Margaret Thatcher MargaretThatcher Helen Clark HelenClark PrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconi Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi RyutaroHashimoto Ryutaro Hashimoto Sultan Ali Keshtmand SultanAliKeshtmand The primeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Afthanisthan-AtPresent. Rafik Hariri RafikHariri Leon Mebiame LeonMebiame Erskine Sandiford The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment for Barbados-1988. ErskineSandiford Kamisese Mara KamiseseMara The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeMinister_HeadOfGovernment</a> for Fiji-AtPresent. MahmoudAbbas Mahmoud Abbas Steingrimur Hermannsson The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of Iceland-AtPresent. SteingrimurHermannsson Haughey Haughey CharlesHaughey The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment of English-1988. RanasinghePremadasa The PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernmentof SriLanka-AtPresent. Ranasinghe Premadasa DB pedia OWL class DBPediaOWLClass A collection of collections. Each instance of this collection is a collection that corresponds to one of the classes in the DBPedia ontology. person A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVilYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndividualAgent</a>: the collection of all persons. Personhood is a vague, emotionally loaded yet extremely salient concept with respect to common-sense reasoning. Something is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> if it is an individual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> with perceptual sensibility, capable of complex social relationships, and possessing a certain moral sophistication and an intrinsic moral value, or -- if it lacks certain of these characteristics -- is a member of a distinct type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (usually a species) which generally possesses such characteristics and is therefore acknowledged by other members of that type as a person within their social systems. Most currently known instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rIcwFloGUQdeMlsOWYLFB2w" class="cyc_term">HomoSapiens</a> but there is no reason why all need be (consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdRsSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hobbit</a>s in the fictional world of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi8lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LordOfTheRings_Trilogy</a>). They need not even be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVim7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalLivingObject</a> (consider the possibility of a person-like AI). Also note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> excludes non-human "legal persons", who are, however, included in the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgent</a>. Person politics and government geography topic PoliticsAndGovernment-Geography-Topic HeadOfGovernment An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr5OpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByPositionInOrg</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjntpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politician</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> is a person who holds a political position as the head of the government of some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. See the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPub4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">sharedNotes</a> #$GovernmentLeaderNote for an explanation of the distinction between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a> (q.v.). head of government HeadOfGovernmentTypeByTitle A collection of collections. Each instance is a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a> whose instances are all of the same title. head of government type by title government minister Minister-Governmental A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQryspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicOfficial</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3YpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Manager</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-GMiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Minister_Governmental</a> is a person who is responsible for managing the activities of some department or sub-organization of a (usually national) government. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-GMiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Minister_Governmental</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeMinister_HeadOfGovernment</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv9TovpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Minister_Diplomatic</a>. Politician An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWgxLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonTypeByActivity</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjntpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politician</a> is a person who is involved in politics. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjntpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politician</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfState</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4AMiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectoralCandidate</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNupwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfPoliticalParty</a>. politician Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString (SubcollectionOfWithRelationFromTypeFn Person primeMinister Country) prime minister A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeMinister_HeadOfGovernment</a> is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister in some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. prime minister PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment A collection of collections. Each instance is a spec of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicSectorEmployee</a> whose instances are all of the same position. PublicSectorEmployeeTypeByPosition public sector employee type by position A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">equals</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWKHbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLReformulatorConstant</a> that relates pairs of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwE2kWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLClosedDenotationalTerm</a>s. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> is, in a sense, a "directional" version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">equals</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> FAVORED-TERM DISFAVORED-TERM)</code> means that (1) <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> and <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> denote the same thing, and (2) <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> is deemed worthy of being privileged over <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> in the following senses: assertions made on <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> will be propagated to <code>FAVORED-TERM</code>, and whenever possible attempts to reason about <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> will be transformed into attempts to reason about <code>FAVORED-TERM</code>. The propagated assertions will differ from the original assertions only in that the propagated assertions will be the result of substituting <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> for <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> wherever <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> occurs in the original assertions. Note that substitution does not happen in the opposite direction. That is, assertions containing <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> will not propagate to <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code>. One common use of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> is that in which <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> is a syntactically simpler term than <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code>. For example, <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> may contain fewer nested terms that denote <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxAsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Function_Denotational</a>s than does <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesNavy</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwGGrfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NavyFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>)) is a good example of this common sort of use. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> expresses a strictly conventional notion of "directional" equality. Pragmatic considerations, not ontology, will dictate which term is chosen to occur as the privileged (left-hand side) term in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> assertion. Thus, in the example the fact that simpler terms are generally easier to use (remember, manipulate, etc.) dictates that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesNavy</a> should be a rewrite of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwGGrfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NavyFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>), and not vice versa. Rewrite Of rewriteOf A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeMinister_HeadOfGovernment</a> is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister in some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. prime minister PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HeadOfGovernment</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeMinister_HeadOfGovernment</a> is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister in some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Country</a>. prime minister PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment