]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. creator The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvE4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">createdBy</a> relates something to its creator(s). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvE4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">createdBy</a> THING AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, etc., responsible for the invention or bringing into being of THING. This is a very general predicate, whose narrower specifications such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">developerOfIBTType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLEYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtCreator</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjEk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">madeBy</a>, or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdx3bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">creatorOfCW</a>, should be used if applicable instead. createdBy builders maker creators builder developers developer inventors inventor makers 2 Made By The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjEk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">madeBy</a> is used to indicate that a particular product was made by a particular company (or companies). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjEk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">madeBy</a> PROD COMORG) means that PROD, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkFYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Product</a>, was made by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViS05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommercialOrganization</a> COMORG. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkAz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">makesProductType</a>. madeBy Ibt Creator ibtCreator A binary predicate that relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLEYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtCreator</a> IBT AGENT) means that AGENT originally created IBT, an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. For instance, painters are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLEYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtCreator</a>s of their paintings, programmers are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLEYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtCreator</a>s of their programs, and speakers are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLEYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtCreator</a>s of their <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalUtterance_IBT</a>s. An IBT can have more than one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLEYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtCreator</a> if multiple <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a>s contributed to its creation, as is typically the case with Hollywood movies, for example. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjamJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationArtifactAuthor</a> INFO-ARTIFACT AUTHOR) means that AUTHOR is the creator of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a> INFO-ARTIFACT. informationArtifactAuthor author An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViaHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Format</a> (q.v.) that can be specified to hold of a given predicate with respect to a given argument-place (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYo24ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argFormat</a>). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYo24ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argFormat</a> PRED N <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViUCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a>) means that, for any particular way of fixing the other arguments to PRED besides the Nth, there might be any number (including zero) of things such that, if taken as the Nth argument, PRED holds of those arguments. For example, the format of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">biologicalMother</a>'s first argument-place is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViUCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a>, since a female animal might have any number of offspring. Unlike the other reified instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViaHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Format</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViUCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a> actually places no restriction at all on what PRED might or might not hold of with respect to the relevant argument-place. But one should not infer from this that entry-format assertions using <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViUCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a> are pointless; for they forestall duplication of effort by serving notice that the entry-format of a given argument-place has previously been considered and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViUCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a> was deemed the appropriate format. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViUCJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetTheFormat</a> is the most commonly-encountered format in the Cyc Knowledge Base. Contrast with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SingleEntry</a>. set argument entry format SetTheFormat thing that exists in time that is not a living thing (CollectionDifferenceFn TemporalThing BiologicalLivingObject) The collection of binary predicates that describe a specified relation of an animal, group of animals (usually human animals), or an organization to another animal (also usually a human animal). These relations can be summed up by common nouns such as 'mother' or 'boss' or 'neighbor'. This class of predicates exists to facilitate parsing of sentences with forms such as 'X has a Y' or 'does X have a Y?' where Y is one of these relational nouns. relational noun slot RelationalNounSlot arg2Format Arg 2 Format An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv9mupZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgFormatPredicate</a> (q.v.) used to place a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViaHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Format</a> (q.v.) constraint on the second (or &quot;arg2&quot;) argument-place of a given predicate. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVoULZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arg2Format</a> <b>PRED</b> <b>FORMAT</b>)</code> means that <code><b>PRED</b></code>'s arg2 is constrained to <code><b>FORMAT</b></code>. See the reified instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViaHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Format</a> for further details. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv09GqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaRelation</a> used for stating that a given relation takes a specified number of arguments. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> <b>RELN</b> <b>N</b>)</code> means that that semantic well-formedness requires that <code><b>RELN</b></code> take exactly <code><b>N</b></code> arguments at a time. That is, a formula <code>(<b>RELN</b> <b>ARG</b><small>1</small> ... <b>ARG</b><small><b>M</b></small>)</code> is semantically well-formed only if <code><b>M</b></code> = <code><b>N</b></code>. <p/> For example, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a> is 2. <p/> Note that full semantic well-formedness requires obeying argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>) as well as arity constraints. For a general explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWAXgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Askable</a>. arity arity creator The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvE4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">createdBy</a> relates something to its creator(s). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvE4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">createdBy</a> THING AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, etc., responsible for the invention or bringing into being of THING. This is a very general predicate, whose narrower specifications such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">developerOfIBTType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLEYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtCreator</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjEk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">madeBy</a>, or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdx3bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">creatorOfCW</a>, should be used if applicable instead. createdBy Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString AsymmetricBinaryPredicate asymmetric binary predicate An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqjtVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicateTypeByLogicalFeature</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcn7lJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate</a> (q.v.). A binary predicate <code><b>BINPRED</b></code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWVh_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AsymmetricBinaryPredicate</a> if and only if (i) for any <code><b>THING1</b></code> and <code><b>THING2</b></code>, <code>(<b>BINPRED</b> <b>THING1</b> <b>THING2</b>)</code> implies <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">not</a> (<b>BINPRED</b> <b>THING2</b> <b>THING1</b>))</code> and (ii) the single-argument argument type (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyTLHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argGenl</a>) constraints on <code><b>BINPRED</b></code>'s two respective argument-places are &quot;co-satisfiable&quot; (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMAu9NKNbQdeYcfFK9WMtAA" class="cyc_term">cosatisfiableInArgs</a> and <font color="#ff0000">#$NoteOnArgumentCosatisfiabilityRequirement</font>). <p/> Examples of asymmetric binary predicates include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvnZTBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">northOf</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">children</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">greaterThan</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViic5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">overrides</a>. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEoapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymmetricBinaryPredicate</a>. creator The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvE4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">createdBy</a> relates something to its creator(s). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWvE4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">createdBy</a> THING AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, etc., responsible for the invention or bringing into being of THING. This is a very general predicate, whose narrower specifications such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">developerOfIBTType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLEYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtCreator</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjEk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">madeBy</a>, or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdx3bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">creatorOfCW</a>, should be used if applicable instead. createdBy TemporalThing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>. This is the collection of all things that have temporal extent or location -- things about which one might sensibly ask &quot;<i>When?</i>&quot;. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> thus contains many kinds of things, including events, physical objects, agreements, and pure intervals of time. Major specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYjIS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Situation</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a> (qq.v.). <p/> Things that are timeless -- such as mathematical sets, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>s, and numbers -- are of course <i>not</i> instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rGfrGRkkIQdeI2O3iJCGV3Q" class="cyc_term">AtemporalThing</a>). thing that exists in time negationInverse Negation Inverse A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNZi3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaPredicate</a> for stating that each of two binary predicates is a logical &quot;contrary&quot; of the other's inverse. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationInverse</a> <b>BINPRED1</b> <b>BINPRED2</b>)</code> means that if <code><b>BINPRED1</b></code> holds between a pair <code>&lt;<b>THING1</b>, <b>THING2</b>&gt;</code>, then <code><b>BINPRED2</b></code> does <i>not</i> hold between the inverse pair <code>&lt;<b>THING2</b>, <b>THING1</b>&gt;</code> (and vice versa). In other words, <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationInverse</a> <b>BINPRED1</b> <b>BINPRED2</b>)</code> is equivalent to <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">not</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">and</a> (<b>BINPRED1</b> <b>ARG1</b> <b>ARG2</b>) (<b>BINPRED2</b> <b>ARG2</b> <b>ARG1</b>)))</code>. <p/> Note that any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWVh_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AsymmetricBinaryPredicate</a> is related to itself by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationInverse</a>. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationInverse</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subordinates</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subordinates</a>) holds, since if one person is a subordinate of another, the latter person cannot at the same time also be a subordinate of the former. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEKXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationPreds</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>.