]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. The collection of all willful misrepresentations intended to deprive another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> of some right, esp. user rights for a valuable possession or money. fraud Fraud

Fraud

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-fraud-noun-1 Mis-Selling A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjV2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Investing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r6fqrnE1VQdmb3popVG3c_w" class="cyc_term">MisSaleOfAnEndowment</a> is a sale of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r7IpXCuycQdiC8Y1DL_Fl9Q" class="cyc_term">Endowment_LifeInsurance</a> in which the seller has defrauded the buyer by failing to explain the greater risk involved with an endowment as compared to an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rr7-0NMSaQdiOKOLbaPjbZA" class="cyc_term">InterestOnlyMortgage</a>, with which endowments are often sold together. Complaints of endowment mis-sales in the UK prompted the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLk2y6kPcQdmbD6Ou-ugklA" class="cyc_term">FinancialServicesAuthority_UK</a> to undertake a full-scale mis-selling enquiry. MisSaleOfAnEndowment CreditCardFraud The collection of all events in which someone knowingly and intentionally buys something with a credit card or credit card number that does not legally belong to them. credit card fraud boiler room fraud A type of investment-related <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>, in which the perpetrators misrepresent themselves as a legitimate investment firm in the attempt to swindle would-be investors. BoilerRoomFraud counterfeiting An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ryIOUhqKeQdiRffIfC9Y1mA" class="cyc_term">ActTypeCommonlyConsideredCriminal</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rqI3GLsrkQdiPPsvDXof3Hg" class="cyc_term">Forgery</a> is an event in which an agent makes, alters, or imitates something with the intent of defrauding or swindling another agent. Some examples: producing counterfeit currency, forging another person's signature on a check or credit card form, producing fake ID, signing another artist's name to one's painting to increase its perceived value. Forgery A sub-collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. Each instance is the act of swindling by some fraudulent scheme. rig SwindlingAnAgent shell company A type of investment-related <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. A "shell company" is a company with shares on the stock market, but which has no real operating business. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rmqPqRk1ZQdmHltld66GkvQ" class="cyc_term">ShellCompanyScheme</a> occurs when a promoter amasses large number of shares in a shell company, and then works to inflate their price by deceptive means. ShellCompanyScheme The collection of all willful misrepresentations intended to deprive another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> of some right, esp. user rights for a valuable possession or money. fraud Fraud Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI NonNaturalThing The collection of non-natural individuals. This collection is hard to precisely define but, roughly, something is an instance of this collection just in case it is one of the following: 1) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> acts that are intentionally performed by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a>s, or 2) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>s that in some significant sense "could only have been the result" of the intentional activities of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a>s (or groups thereof). Positive examples in the first category include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1F75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CesareanBirth</a>s, negative examples include eating. Positive examples in the second category include instances of industrial pollution and tire tracks. Negative examples include human vomit and human (bare) footprints. unnatural thing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHQdVmB_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SecondOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ryIOUhqKeQdiRffIfC9Y1mA" class="cyc_term">ActTypeCommonlyConsideredCriminal</a> is an action type (i.e. a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>) that many legal systems regard as a type of criminal act. Notable instances of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrtcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Murder</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViMd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Stealing</a>. act commonly considered criminal ActTypeCommonlyConsideredCriminal The collection of all willful misrepresentations intended to deprive another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> of some right, esp. user rights for a valuable possession or money. fraud Fraud A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOImtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pretending</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwG1h15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InfluencingAnAgent</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a> is the collection of events in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> deliberately engages in activities which both are intended to, and in fact do, induce false beliefs in another agent. Note that if either the information conveyed by the would-be deceiver is in fact true (although the would-be deceiver thinks it's false), or the would-be victim of the deception does not, as a result of the would-be deceiver's actions, acquire the false beliefs as intended, then the act is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>, but is an instance of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwBdWmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AttemptingFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveCe75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Deceiving</a>). (Also see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>.) Notable specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAITlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheating</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_TRaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fraud</a>. Deceiving deceiving crimeVictim (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv1ilOmHOEdaAAACQJ5pZBw" class="cyc_term">crimeVictim</a> ACTION AGENT) means that AGENT is in fact a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV8Ow5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">victim</a> in the criminal act ACTION and also that ACTION is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> whose performer intends that (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV8Ow5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">victim</a> ACTION AGENT)--i.e., the relation entails (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBGPzWI42EdaAAACgycbQqA" class="cyc_term">intendedVictim</a> ACTION AGENT). Crime Victim TemporalObjectType temporal object type A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally object-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally object-like just in case it generally holds that any proper purely temporal parts (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>. More precisely, a collection <code>COL</code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> just in case it satisfies the following: For any distinct <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then not <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. For example, none of the proper time-slices of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is itself a calendar year. Likewise for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> are both instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>. Conversely, a proper time-slice of a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> might itself be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> (e.g. an hour has minutes and seconds as time-slices); so <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> is not a temporal-object-type. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally stuff-like. The collection of all willful misrepresentations intended to deprive another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> of some right, esp. user rights for a valuable possession or money. fraud Fraud Required Actor Slots A typed-specialization (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3W2hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvo8bsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rolesForEventType</a> (q.v.), whose second argument-place is constrained to instances (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ActorSlot</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> EVENTTYPE ACTORSLOT) means that for any instance EVENT of EVENTTYPE, there is some participant ACTOR that fills ACTORSLOT in EVENT (i.e. (ACTORSLOT EVENT ACTOR) holds). For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjeiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWStbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">outputsCreated</a>) means that in any creation event some output is created. requiredActorSlots wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name Analyst-PertinentConcept the intelligence analyst reasoning domain An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ret7qgOKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a>. Generally speaking, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r46fYpnaNEduAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">Analyst_PertinentConcept</a> are concepts and relations such as are used by intelligence analysts reasoning about threat situations. Specifically, all core concepts in this domain (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgycE6OKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">coreConceptOfDomain</a>) are either 1) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, 2) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TernaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, 3:)<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s that are asserted to be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>s of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, 4) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s that are asserted to be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>s of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TernaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, 5) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>s that are asserted to be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyTLHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argGenl</a>s of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TernaryPredicate</a>s referenced in AKB Fact Entry Templates, or 6) concepts or relations that are instances of instances of #$TKBInterfaceCollection.