]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvbIgq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">authorOfLiteraryWork_CW</a> PERSON LITERARYWORK) means that PERSON is one of the authors of LITERARYWORK. Author Of Literary Work CW authorOfLiteraryWork-CW 2 Typed Genl Preds A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rVn3AgECHEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">TaxonomicSlotForPredicates</a> that is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVtJUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a> (q.v.). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3W2hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a> SPECPRED GENLPRED)</code> means that <code>GENLPRED</code> is a more general version of <code>SPECPRED</code> that allows for more general argument types. Futhermore, any sequence of things that stand in the relation <code>GENLPRED</code> and that satisfy all of the respective argument-constraints on <code>SPECPRED</code> also stand in the relation <code>SPECPRED</code>. More precisely, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3W2hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a> sentence above entails each of the following: <pre> 1. GENLPRED is a generalization of SPECPRED (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVtJUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a>). 2. The individual argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvprxT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgIsaPredicate</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWGmR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgGenlPredicate</a>) on SPECPRED are all at least as narrow as, and in at least one argument-place narrower than, the corresponding constraints on GENLPRED. 3. For any list of things ARGS such that (GENLPRED . ARGS) holds and where the items in ARGS satisfy both (a) the respective individual argument-type constraints on the corresponding argument-places of SPECPRED and (b) any inter-argument constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYCzipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InterArgTypePredicate</a>) on SPECPRED, (SPECPRED . ARGS) holds. </pre> For example, <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3W2hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjTxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">sisters</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjj6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblings</a>)</code> entails that if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjj6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">siblings</a> John Alex)</code> holds and Alex is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQ-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FemaleAnimal</a> (and thus satisfies the relatively narrower type-constraint on the second argument of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjTxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">sisters</a>), then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjTxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">sisters</a> John Alex)</code> holds. typedGenlPreds The collection of all works of literature, broadly construed. Including articles, essays, as well as novels and poems. literary work LiteraryWork-CW person A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVilYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndividualAgent</a>: the collection of all persons. Personhood is a vague, emotionally loaded yet extremely salient concept with respect to common-sense reasoning. Something is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> if it is an individual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> with perceptual sensibility, capable of complex social relationships, and possessing a certain moral sophistication and an intrinsic moral value, or -- if it lacks certain of these characteristics -- is a member of a distinct type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (usually a species) which generally possesses such characteristics and is therefore acknowledged by other members of that type as a person within their social systems. Most currently known instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rIcwFloGUQdeMlsOWYLFB2w" class="cyc_term">HomoSapiens</a> but there is no reason why all need be (consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdRsSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hobbit</a>s in the fictional world of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi8lZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LordOfTheRings_Trilogy</a>). They need not even be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVim7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BiologicalLivingObject</a> (consider the possibility of a person-like AI). Also note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> excludes non-human "legal persons", who are, however, included in the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgent</a>. Person A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv09GqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaRelation</a> used for stating that a given relation takes a specified number of arguments. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> RELN N)</code> means that that semantic well-formedness requires that <code>RELN</code> take exactly <code>N</code> arguments at a time. That is, a formula <code>(RELN ARG1 ... ARGM)</code> is semantically well-formed only if <code>M</code> = <code>N</code>. For example, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a> is 2. Note that full semantic well-formedness requires obeying argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>) as well as arity constraints. For a general explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWAXgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Askable</a>. arity arity (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjamJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationArtifactAuthor</a> INFO-ARTIFACT AUTHOR) means that AUTHOR is the creator of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a> INFO-ARTIFACT. informationArtifactAuthor author TimeDependentRelation time dependent relation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ra8WhwoMwQdiCedG8Y-SJ-Q" class="cyc_term">TemporallyQualifiableRelation</a> (q.v.). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rGgUHiK5DEdaAAACgycbRfg" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentRelation</a> is the collection of all (not eternally-empty) predicates and functions that are such that nothing remains in their extensions eternally. A predicate <code>PRED</code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rGgUHiK5DEdaAAACgycbRfg" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentRelation</a> if and only if both (i) for any sequence of things <code>SEQ</code> and time <code>T</code>, if <code>PRED</code> holds of <code>SEQ</code> at <code>T</code>, then there is some different time <code>T'</code> such that <code>PRED</code> does not hold of <code>SEQ</code> at <code>T'</code> and (ii) there is some sequence and some time such that <code>PRED</code> holds of that sequence at that time. (Condition (ii) is needed to exclude relations with necessarily empty extensions, such as is neither identical to nor distinct from.) For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi6bJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">likesAsFriend</a> is time-dependent. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi6bJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">likesAsFriend</a> Amy Bob)</code> can be true today but false tomorrow (and will certainly not be true after Amy and Bob are dead). On the other hand, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> is not time-dependent but merely temporally-qualifiable; although it holds of some things temporarily, it holds of some other things eternally. A function <code>FUNC</code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rGgUHiK5DEdaAAACgycbRfg" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentRelation</a> if its value for any given sequence of arguments in its (non-empty) domain, and/or the fact that is has a value for that sequence, changes over time. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYkdfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TerritoryFn</a> is an example of a time-dependent function. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvbIgq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">authorOfLiteraryWork_CW</a> PERSON LITERARYWORK) means that PERSON is one of the authors of LITERARYWORK. Author Of Literary Work CW authorOfLiteraryWork-CW A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNZi3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaPredicate</a> for stating that one binary predicate is a generalization of the inverse of another binary predicate. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a> PRED GENL-INV-PRED)</code> means that <code>GENL-INV-PRED</code> is a "generalized inverse" of <code>PRED</code>. That is, <code>(PRED ARG1 ARG2)</code> implies <code>(GENL-INV-PRED ARG2 ARG1)</code>. For example, <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQ-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">grandchildren</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVixApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ancestors</a>)</code> means that grandparents are ancestors of their grandchildren. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVtJUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">negationInverse</a>. Genl Inverse genlInverse Typed Genl Inverse typedGenlInverse A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNZi3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaPredicate</a> that is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7jSXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlInverse</a> is to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a> what <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3W2hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a> is to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVtJUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a> (qq.v.). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7jSXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlInverse</a> PRED TYPED-GENL-INV-PRED) means that TYPED-GENL-INV-PRED is a more general version of the inverse of PRED that allows for more general argument types. More precisely: (i) TYPED-GENL-INV-PRED is a generalization of the inverse of PRED (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>); (ii) the argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>) on PRED are at least as narrow as (and in most cases narrower than) the inversely-corresponding constraints on TYPED-GENL-INV-PRED, and (iii) for any pair of things <THING1, THING2> such that (TYPED-GENL-INV-PRED THING2 THING1) holds and where THING1 and THING2 respectively satisfy the argument-type constraints on the first and second argument-places of PRED, (PRED THING1 THING2) holds. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7jSXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlInverse</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvfPaw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">pathInsideRegion</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv9FMG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">spatiallySubsumes</a>) implies that any path that is spatially subsumed by a given geographical region is a path inside that region. Creator Of CW An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjs8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntangibleObjectPredicate</a> that relates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a>s to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv9p3wpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DevisedPracticeOrWork</a>s that they have created. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdx3bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">creatorOfCW</a> AGENT WORK)</code> means that <code>AGENT</code> is responsible for the creation of a substantial portion of the content of <code>WORK</code>. To indicate the creator of a part of a written <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvy7z-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">creatorOfPartOfWork</a>. creatorOfCW