]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. population A collection of groups of animals, such that each group consists of members of a single species, and all group members live more or less in the same location at a given time. Animal populations may be migratory like some birds and butterflies. Populations of different species will differ in their size and in the range that they cover, depending on the typical behaviors of the particular type of animal. Members of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveBGwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Population</a> have at least the possibility, modulo gender compatibility and maturity, of interbreeding. Physical barriers to breeding keep populations separate; for example, a river separating populations of mice. Population population of animals populations

Population

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-population-noun-2 (PopulationOfTypeFn Animal) population Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4SYgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">groupResidesInRegion</a> GROUP REGION) means that the group of animals GROUP resides in the region REGION. In general, that means that all members of GROUP also reside in REGION. groupResidesInRegion Group Resides In Region (GroupFn Animal) group of animals Required Arg 1 Pred requiredArg1Pred A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNZi3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaPredicate</a> for stating that every instance of a given collection is related to some thing or things by a given predicate. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdUGBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg1Pred</a> COL PRED)</code> means that for every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code>, there exists some sequence <code>ARGS</code> such that <code>(PRED INST . ARGS)</code> holds. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdUGBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg1Pred</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViz-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">hasMembers</a>) means that every organization has at least one member. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvvftiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg2Pred</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtSyCMo5bQdiKvbFrqtRipw" class="cyc_term">requiredArg3Pred</a>. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">equals</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWKHbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLReformulatorConstant</a> that relates pairs of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwE2kWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLClosedDenotationalTerm</a>s. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> is, in a sense, a "directional" version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">equals</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> FAVORED-TERM DISFAVORED-TERM)</code> means that (1) <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> and <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> denote the same thing, and (2) <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> is deemed worthy of being privileged over <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> in the following senses: assertions made on <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> will be propagated to <code>FAVORED-TERM</code>, and whenever possible attempts to reason about <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> will be transformed into attempts to reason about <code>FAVORED-TERM</code>. The propagated assertions will differ from the original assertions only in that the propagated assertions will be the result of substituting <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> for <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> wherever <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code> occurs in the original assertions. Note that substitution does not happen in the opposite direction. That is, assertions containing <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> will not propagate to <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code>. One common use of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> is that in which <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> is a syntactically simpler term than <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code>. For example, <code>FAVORED-TERM</code> may contain fewer nested terms that denote <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxAsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Function_Denotational</a>s than does <code>DISFAVORED-TERM</code>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesNavy</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwGGrfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NavyFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>)) is a good example of this common sort of use. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> expresses a strictly conventional notion of "directional" equality. Pragmatic considerations, not ontology, will dictate which term is chosen to occur as the privileged (left-hand side) term in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTvAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rewriteOf</a> assertion. Thus, in the example the fact that simpler terms are generally easier to use (remember, manipulate, etc.) dictates that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesNavy</a> should be a rewrite of (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwGGrfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NavyFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>), and not vice versa. Rewrite Of rewriteOf A collection of groups of animals, such that each group consists of members of a single species, and all group members live more or less in the same location at a given time. Animal populations may be migratory like some birds and butterflies. Populations of different species will differ in their size and in the range that they cover, depending on the typical behaviors of the particular type of animal. Members of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveBGwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Population</a> have at least the possibility, modulo gender compatibility and maturity, of interbreeding. Physical barriers to breeding keep populations separate; for example, a river separating populations of mice. population Population ExistingStuffType type of temporally and spatially stuff-like thing A collection of collections, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a> is a collection of things (including portions of things) which are both temporally and spatially stufflike. Division in time or space does not destroy the stufflike quality of the object (down to a certain granularity). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> STUFFTYPE <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>)</code> implies both (i) for most instances <code>STUFF</code> of <code>STUFFTYPE</code>, for any proper physical part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r8a2smPXcQdiEoJhcx65EiQ" class="cyc_term">properPhysicalDecompositions</a>) <code>PART</code> of <code>STUFF</code>, <code>PART</code> is also an instance of <code>STUFFTYPE</code> and (ii) for all instances <code>STUFF</code> of <code>STUFFTYPE</code>, for most proper physical parts <code>PART</code> of <code>STUFF</code>, <code>PART</code> is also an instance of <code>STUFFTYPE</code>. For example, every piece of wood is temporally stufflike: if W-168 is a piece of wood during 1996, then it's also a piece of wood for the one-minute time-slice 9:05am 7/7/96. It's also spatially stufflike: if we take that piece of wood W-168 and cut it in half, we have two things which are both pieces of wood. Since every piece of wood is both temporally and spatially stufflike, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVimxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Wood</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>. Other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a> include the collections #$AppleJuice, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj1EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IceCream</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgC2UJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Diamond</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCaCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WaxedPaper</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAoze5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StriatedMuscle</a>. See the comment for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> to learn more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name A collection of groups of animals, such that each group consists of members of a single species, and all group members live more or less in the same location at a given time. Animal populations may be migratory like some birds and butterflies. Populations of different species will differ in their size and in the range that they cover, depending on the typical behaviors of the particular type of animal. Members of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveBGwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Population</a> have at least the possibility, modulo gender compatibility and maturity, of interbreeding. Physical barriers to breeding keep populations separate; for example, a river separating populations of mice. population Population