]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. ThermalConductivity thermal conductivity A collection of attributes; a subcollection of <font color="#ff0000">#$PhysicalAttribute</font>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> represents a specific ability of some physical object to conduct heat. An individual object's <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> is indicated with the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgCrxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">thermalConductivityOfObject</a>. heat conduction Thermal conductivity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity A measurable physical attribute. This is the element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object that conducts virtually no heat. a low level of thermal conductivity (LowAmountFn ThermalConductivity) (MediumAmountFn ThermalConductivity) An element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a>, which represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object which conducts heat, but slowly. Examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkC3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Asphalt</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjGZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Milk</a>. a medium level of thermal conductivity A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. thermal conductivity material topic ThermalConductivity-Material-Topic A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhywBFkT6EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">PhysicalQuantity</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of quanitative physical features that <i>only</i> tangible objects can have. Specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgC7-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rigidity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjULZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dirtiness</a>. Conversely, physical quantity-types such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Area</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speed</a> are <i>not</i> specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rygxStLLcQdecMqyUNVYD1g" class="cyc_term">TangiblePhysicalQuantity</a>, as they can also characterize (e.g.) intangible <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvlxdi5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpaceRegion</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCA9ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WavePropagation</a> events, respectively. tangible physical quantity TangiblePhysicalQuantity Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL ThermalConductivity thermal conductivity A collection of attributes; a subcollection of <font color="#ff0000">#$PhysicalAttribute</font>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> represents a specific ability of some physical object to conduct heat. An individual object's <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> is indicated with the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgCrxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">thermalConductivityOfObject</a>. linear order attribute type TotallyOrderedQuantityType A collection of collections and a specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r91ZApkTvEdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">TotallyOrderedScalarIntervalType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkDZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QuantityType</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwF4t15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TotallyOrderedQuantityType</a> is a totally-ordered collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSGNLQK45EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Quantity</a>[ies], and thus an appropriate argument for a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyorqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GenericValueFunction</a> (q.v.), such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDDa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LowAmountFn</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpAl6tPLFQdeYfK2wZfrvag" class="cyc_term">MediumToHighAmountFn</a>. <p/> Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwF4t15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TotallyOrderedQuantityType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEOkJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Toxicity</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0H0z5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DiplomaticSupport</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvi2nP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LevelOfDifficulty</a>. Specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimitiveOrderedQuantityType</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rlsKf-MukQdiEYr6WbI2G4Q" class="cyc_term">MeasurableQuantityType</a>. type of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType A collection of collections. Each instance <code><b>COL</b></code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rqEYnNVMqEdaSKAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType</a> (<i>ANECT</i>) is a collection satisfying three conditions: (1) <code><b>COL</b></code> is disjoint with (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">disjointWith</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, (2) every instance <code><b>INST</b></code> of <code><b>COL</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> essentially (i.e. <code><b>INST</b></code> is an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>, and could not exist without being an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>), and (3) condition (2) is a necessary truth about <code><b>COL</b></code>. <p/> Positive examples of ANECTs include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Relation</a> (each of which is a collection of atemporals and is such that, necessarily, all of its instances are in it essentially). Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> (though arguably it is necessary that all of its instances are essentially instances of it, it is not disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP4FM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UniqueAnatomicalPartType</a> (which, though disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, has instances, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Heart</a>, that could exist even if they weren't instances of it; e.g. it might have been the case that every creature with a heart had at least two hearts). There are no known examples of Cyc-reified collections satisfying conditions (1) and (2) but not (3), but one can be contrived. Suppose that all of today's winning lottery numbers were primes. Now consider the collection: <p/> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrhK-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionUnionFn</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjkdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheSet</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a> <i>TodaysWinningLotteryNumbers</i>)) <p/> This collection is clearly disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a> and, by hypothesis, all of its instances are in it essentially (as each prime number is essentially a prime number). But this last fact is not <i>necessarily</i> true of this collection: the collection might have had instances that belonged to it only contingently (i.e. not essentially), as it might have been the case that one of today's winning lottery numbers was non-prime, and no number is such that it is essentially one of today's winning lottery numbers. <p/> When asserting that something is an instance or specialization of a given instance of ANECT, it is appropriate to do so in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r3_SgQU2iEdaCwAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">UniversalVocabularyMt</a> (q.v.). Indeed, ANECT was specially defined to facilitate the movement of appropriate assertions to that microtheory. <p/> Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rGeylLJTfEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PragmaticallyDecontextualizedCollection</a>. non aspectual quantity A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLxknOmVZQdeQUJLqO_1Uzg" class="cyc_term">ScalarQuantity</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all &quot;non-aspectual&quot; quantities: those that can always be attributed to an object simpliciter, without specifying a particular aspect or dimension of the object that the quantity has to do with. <p/> For example, the degrees of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj_hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Flammability</a> are non-aspectual; an object could be attributed its flammability-level with a generic binary &quot;hasQuantity&quot; predicate. Conversely, a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Distance</a> is aspect-relative; attributing a distance to any multi-dimensional object is relative to the dimension along which the distance is being measured (compare e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">lengthOfObject</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjgA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">widthOfObject</a>). NonAspectualQuantity Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString UnitOfMeasureConcept A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ret7qgOKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a> (q.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rC-8cJgBpEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasureConcept</a> are collections and relations having to do with unit of measurement functions and the kinds of quantities they return as values. Important specializations and instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a>, major specializations or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>, and relations that are important to measurement theory are instances of this collection. unit of measure concept ThermalConductivity thermal conductivity A collection of attributes; a subcollection of <font color="#ff0000">#$PhysicalAttribute</font>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> represents a specific ability of some physical object to conduct heat. An individual object's <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> is indicated with the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgCrxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">thermalConductivityOfObject</a>. disposition DispositionalQuantity The collection of all the different quantities of dispositional properties; e.g. a particular degree of thermal conductivity. The various specializations of this collection are the collections of all the degrees of a particular dispositional property. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> is a specialization of this collection and its instances are usually denoted with the generic value functions as in (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDGhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HighAmountFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a>). All degrees of thermal conductivity are instances of this collection even those not explicitly reified wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name ThermalConductivity thermal conductivity A collection of attributes; a subcollection of <font color="#ff0000">#$PhysicalAttribute</font>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> represents a specific ability of some physical object to conduct heat. An individual object's <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDNnpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThermalConductivity</a> is indicated with the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgCrxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">thermalConductivityOfObject</a>.