]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. The collection of activities, methods, and tactics in furtherance of affecting governmental policies (or sometimes activities of other large institutions). Politics politics Politics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics The collection of political events which involve such things as taking part in demonstrations, getting support for issues and even running for political office especially if these are done at a grass roots level and involve devotion to a single cause. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvx3ucJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politics</a>. political protestation Activism cold war WagingAColdWar An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSOclZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WagingAColdWar</a> is an intense rivalry between two or more countries in areas of diplomacy, economic strategy, and military preparation, falling just short of armed conflict. However, it must be kept in mind that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of cold wars can be full-fledged armed conflicts. Such conflicts might involve one or more of the countries waging the cold war, as well as other countries whose participation in the armed conflict serves some of the ends of the aforementioned countries. So, for example, the <font color="#ff0000">#$VietnamWar</font>, while a genuine 'hot' war, was a subEvent of the cold war between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. PoliticalEvent A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwFXOT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoliticalEvent</a> is an action that has an important political character. Many official acts by instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrtFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RegionalGovernment</a> are included in this collection -- e.g. passing legislation, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjM-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeclaringWar</a> -- as are actions which affect the structure or composition of govermental bodies (e.g. resigning from office). More broadly, many events which involve candidates for office, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoliticalOrganization</a>, or other actors with power to affect political institutions are included -- political fundraising events, letter-writing campaigns, and so on. Events which have only unintended political ramifications, such as a polluting event which prompts a movement for stricter environmental regulations, are not included in this collection. An individual voting (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrnTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Voting</a>) in an election for public office is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwFXOT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoliticalEvent</a>, but in other cases, it seems necessary to have participants who individually or as a group have some level of political influence. So, most instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjO95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublicProtesting</a> are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwFXOT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoliticalEvent</a>, but perhaps a single individual holding a placard is not. A well-known politician switching parties is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwFXOT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoliticalEvent</a> (even if she is in private life), but perhaps JohnDoe switching parties is not. Another borderline case: the influencing of a government official by a private lobbyist. political event election for an office An event in which many people state their choices for the person to take a particular office. ElectionForOffice Each instance of this collection is a temporally extended process whereby an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> comes to be elected to a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rGvYQ_tRPQdiQoKATDyF_4w" class="cyc_term">PublicOffice</a> in some polity, starting with an event or process whereby candidates are nominated to run in an election, continuing through one or more temporally parallel election campaigns (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQB5gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PoliticalElectionCampaign</a>), and concluding with a general election for office wherein one of the nominated candidates is elected to the office in question. ElectoralProcess electoral process A collection of actions, a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7B1XJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EconomicAction</a>. In each instance, a group refuses to buy products or some type of product, e.g., grapes, or products originating from some area, e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJaJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RepublicOfSouthAfrica</a>, or some agent, e.g., Nike, or some combination of the these, e.g., grapes from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj295wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SouthernCalifornia</a>. Boycott-Economic boycott An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1IRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SingleDoerAction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvx3ucJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Politics</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrnTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Voting</a> is the casting of a vote (or multiple votes) by a single <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a>. For the notion of the larger-scale 'vote' on an issue (or multiple issues) by all participating members of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rT4MKVI4vQdiAA-1AaWTmew" class="cyc_term">Vote_CollectiveDecision</a>. <p/> Commonly, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrnTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Voting</a> will consist of filling out and submitting a ballot (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rnb7r5joYQdeRl9r2vsYqaA" class="cyc_term">Ballot_CW</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rdM97cEWxQdecZreupWoyjg" class="cyc_term">Ballot_IBO</a>), whereby multiple candidates and/or initiatives are voted for or against. Any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMfpoxnOxQdiInZcva6xBew" class="cyc_term">properSubEvents</a> of such an event that consist of, e.g., selecting a particular candidate or choosing 'Yes' or 'No' on a particular initiative are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwVEc1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SelectingBetween</a>, but are not themselves instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrnTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Voting</a>. In the event that only one choice is expressed in an instance of voting (as in, e.g., voting 'Yea' or 'Nay' in a voice vote), the act of expressing that choice is identical with the voting, and hence would be an instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwVEc1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SelectingBetween</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrnTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Voting</a>. Voting casting a vote ElectionNominationProcess election nomination process The collection of all decision-making processes whereby a candidate is chosen to run in an election. The collection of activities, methods, and tactics in furtherance of affecting governmental policies (or sometimes activities of other large institutions). Politics politics clarifying collection type ClarifyingCollectionType A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Collection</a>. Instances are collections that are usefully invoked for purposes of resolving ambiguity and confusion that arise from the use of non-perspicuous languages. Suppose a human or other intelligent agent uses a language, such as a natural language, that is rife with ambiguity, and uses a word WORD of that language whose intended reference is unclear: in the context WORD might refer to THING1 or to THING2, but not both. One strategy for resolving this ambiguity is to find properties of THING1 and THING2, say P1 and P2, that distinguish them from one another, and ask the speaker whether by &quot;WORD,&quot; s/he intended to refer to something with P1, or to something with P2. For example, the speaker might use the word &quot;bank,&quot; and in response one might ask whether a financial institution or a piece of shoreline was meant. Clearly, what values of P1 and P2 are chosen cannot be arbitrary; asking whether the speaker meant to refer to a multi-individual agent versus a non-agentive place is not as effective as asking the speaker to choose between the &quot;financial institution&quot; and &quot;shoreline&quot; interpretations described above. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> just are those collections -- such as the collection of financial institutions -- that might plausibly be invoked to resolve cases of ambiguity of the kind described here. In particular, suppose TYPE1 is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> and TYPE2 is not, and THING is an instance of both TYPE1 and TYPE2. The fact that (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> TYPE1 <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a>) is a reason to prefer TYPE1 over TYPE2 when calculating possible clarifying properties for THING. Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a> is an action in which two or more agents take part. In many cases, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a>s involve communication among the participating agents. Some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialOccurrence</a> have very elaborate role structures (e.g. a typical lawsuit), while others have fairly simple role structures (e.g. greeting a colleague at work). social event SocialOccurrence first-order collection FirstOrderCollection An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtppU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNooX_CChEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FixedOrderCollection</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> is the collection of all specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a> (q.v.) Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVny6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingStuffType</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>. The collection of activities, methods, and tactics in furtherance of affecting governmental policies (or sometimes activities of other large institutions). Politics politics attempt to perform influencing an agent (AttemptingFn InfluencingAnAgent) wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name The collection of activities, methods, and tactics in furtherance of affecting governmental policies (or sometimes activities of other large institutions). Politics politics