]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. ApplicationProgram A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a> is a program whose running copies perform specific functions either directly for users or as background processes. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a> is disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViws5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OperatingSystem</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQ499ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OperatingSystemKernel</a>. Together, these three collections partition <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. application program application applications application programme application programs

Application software

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-application-noun-3 The collection of programs whose primary function is to record information automatically. Important specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXPHGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Spyware</a>, instances of which are designed to gather personal information surreptitiously, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv25TcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ActivityLoggingProgram</a>, which includes as further specializations <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwU4oi5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PacketSnifferProgram</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAZIbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PortScanningProgram</a>. InformationGatheringProgram information gathering program The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s used to interface with other <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s. interface InterfaceProgram business software This is the collection of programs that were designed for use in business, though they may also be used in other ways. A notable specialization is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rC80JMcHgEdaXTgABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">ECommerceProgram</a>. BusinessComputerProgram <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvmeBHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Nuke_ComputerVirusCreator</a> is the collection of related <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD-vOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MaliciousComputerProgram</a>s which are used to produce instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViKVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerVirus</a>. Nuke-ComputerVirusCreator nuke computer virus creator program DatabaseProgram database program A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. Each instance of this collection is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> which has something (where this is deliberately left vague) to do with database usage or maintenance. Its major specializations are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rve7GfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DatabaseServerProgram</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rP_gkjjX9EdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">DatabaseClientProgram</a> (though the odd case will not fit under either of these -- for example programs which repair fragmented databases). See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVidEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_Physical</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-RqtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_AbstractContent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rL14gpLlmQdeO-JB50P9KLg" class="cyc_term">WebApplicationProgram</a> is both a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6RRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ServerProgram</a> and an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. A WebApplicationProgram relies on the functionality of some WorldWideWebServerProgram to process requests that come in across a ComputerNetwork. web application program WebApplicationProgram The collection of all workgroup software. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIvT05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Groupware</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrxE_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramTypeByFunction</a>. workgroup software Groupware MS-DOS application MS-DOSApplication Programs that are made to run under <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj1qZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MS_DOS</a>. Most of them are installed by default during a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riNGXwP2fQdaZXrfbbzQmow" class="cyc_term">MSWindows</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MSWindowsNT</a> installation, but they must be run from the MS-DOS command line. TelecommunicationsProgram Software which allows a user to connect to the Internet, send faxes, record phone messages, or do similar tasks, usually via a modem. telecommunications software programming language implementation ProgrammingLanguageImplementation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgrammingLanguageImplementation</a> is a program which takes source code written in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractProgrammingLanguage</a> as input and generates either the behavior specified by the sdource code (if the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgrammingLanguageImplementation</a> is an instance of the more specialized collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Interpreter_Computers</a>) or another program with the same semantics as the source code (if the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProgrammingLanguageImplementation</a> is an instance of the more specialized collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjykZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Compiler</a>). The collection of all terminal emulator programs. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYhdO4zqzEdac-wACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">TerminalEmulatorProgram</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrxE_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramTypeByFunction</a>. TerminalEmulatorProgram terminal emulator program web crawler WorldWideWebRobot <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2ItwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWebRobot</a> is a collection of programs that automatically traverse the Web's hypertext structure by retrieving a document, and recursively retrieving all documents that are referenced. Note that "recursive" here doesn't limit the definition to any specific traversal algorithm -- if it applies some heuristic to the selection and order of documents to visit and spaces out requests over a long space of time, it is still a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2ItwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWebRobot</a>. Normal Web browsers are not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2ItwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWebRobot</a>, because they are operated by humans, and don't automatically retrieve referenced documents (other than inline images). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2ItwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWebRobot</a> are sometimes referred to as "Web Crawlers", "Worms", or "Spiders". natural language program <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NaturalLanguageProgram</a> is the collection of all computer programs that process natural language. NaturalLanguageProgram Cyc-related program <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2mrxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycRelatedProgram</a> is the collection of computer programs including <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwBsP2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycEndUserApplication</a>s (such as #$ThesaurusApplication), components of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>s such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvfVbYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycCanonicalizer</a>, as well as accessories to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>s (such as #$CycorpWorkflowSystem). CycRelatedProgram driver program The programs that act as interfaces between hardware and operating systems. The device driver usually presents a standard interface to the operating system, allowing an idiosyncratic piece of hardware to be manipulated in a standard way. DeviceDriverProgram The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s which can communicate over a network. network program NetworkProgram educational program The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s that are intended for educational purposes. EducationalComputerProgram ConceptExtractionTool concept extraction tool The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a> that take as input either an instance of textual <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgRNvhqpIEdaAAABQ2sS97g" class="cyc_term">Corpus</a> (whether it be formatted as a string, a list of strings, or a file) and returns (perhaps among other things) a list of words or phrases that denote concepts of significance mentioned in that corpus. Enterprise Resource Planning EnterpriseResourcePlanningProgram The collection of all Enterprise Resource Planning. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCDpW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EnterpriseResourcePlanningProgram</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrxE_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramTypeByFunction</a>. ComputerGameAdd-On This is the collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s whose function is to provide further features to an existing <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjmuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerGameProgram</a>. Game add-ons allow the player to create more levels or environment, employ more weapons, interact with more characters, and so on. computer game add on local program LocalProgram A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzmtx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LocalProgram</a> is a program that cannot be accessed remotely (i.e. across a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerNetwork</a>). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzmtx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LocalProgram</a> is dijoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6RRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ServerProgram</a>, and the two form a partition of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. UtilityProgram utility program Software which allows a user to manage a variety of aspects of their computer, such as decompressing files, memory management, hard drive scanning, anti-viral programs, etc. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpSRVQQrSEdaQqAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">AdministrationProgram</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rasGa8CzBEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">BackEndUtilityProgram</a>. ProjectAccountingProgram project accounting program applet Servlet-ComputerProgram The collection of all applets. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. Each instance of this collection is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> which has something (where this is deliberately left vague) to do with geographic information systems. An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rqkTEvBFeQdiIycXsNs2g8w" class="cyc_term">GISProgram</a> is GISServerProgram GIS program GISProgram instant messenger program The collection of programs that enable users to take advantage of instant messenger sevices. InstantMessengerProgram InputMethodEditorProgram input method editor program ServiceProgram <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvv4X4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ServiceProgram</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. It is the collection of programs whose associated running processes computer users typically do not interact with. The configuration of these programs occurs at the system level and is typically not alterable at the user level. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvoGTE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OpenSSH_TheProgram</a> (sshd) has options that are configurable at the system level in a central location by someone with appropriate privileges, and whenever a user runs a process associated with that centrally configured program, the program's system configuration applies. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveR5tpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UserProgram</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvv4X4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ServiceProgram</a> partition <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. daemon UserProgram user program <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveR5tpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UserProgram</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. It is the collection of programs whose running processes computer users typically interact with. Computer users are usually able to configure these programs to suit their individual needs. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV_RB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NetscapeNavigator</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveR5tpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UserProgram</a> because users interact with it when they browse web pages, and they can configure it to implement various security features, to store passwords, to cache a history, etc. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveR5tpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UserProgram</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvv4X4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ServiceProgram</a> partition <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. executable crack SoftwareCrackProgram Collection of computer programs that 'crack' software by making a trial version of a program a permanent version, by removing 'register now' reminders, and so on. Note that not all software cracks are programs; some are simply text files that instruct humans on how to disable various protection devices. The constant <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtxbJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareCrack_Instructions</a> covers these instances. MaliciousComputerProgram malicious computer program The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s that are designed to have malicious uses, whether designed by the military or by adolescent hackers. This class of program includes <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViKVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerVirus</a>es, Trojan Horses, Internet worms and punters. The collection of all file reading programs. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpSL1tArSEdaQqAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">FileReadingProgram</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrxE_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramTypeByFunction</a>. file reading program FileReadingProgram AppleComputerProgram Apple software Software products made by Apple Inc. diversionary computer program The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s that are entertaining, amusing, distracting, or just a curiosity. This includes <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjmuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerGameProgram</a>s as well as screen savers, interactive desktop toys, animated cursors, etc. DiversionaryComputerProgram Java security manager SecurityManager-Java <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIeTuZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecurityManager_Java</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIeTuZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecurityManager_Java</a> determine whether an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwMaRXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Applet_ComputerProgram</a> interpreted by an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvbND75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaVirtualMachine</a> can read or write from the client's hard disk or manipulate the client's input/output devices. AOLComputerProgram The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>s that are developed and/or used by users belonging to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwRU8LpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AmericaOnlineInc</a> community in order to interact somehow with the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwRU8LpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AmericaOnlineInc</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWN8eJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWebClientProgram</a>. AOL program The collection of all uninterruptible power supply service programs. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rKY0bEgnxEdaDTQABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">UninterruptiblePowerSupplyServiceProgram</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrxE_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramTypeByFunction</a>. UninterruptiblePowerSupplyServiceProgram uninterruptible power supply service program A subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> whose instances have physical instantiations that are sold as products. It's not the instances themselves that are sold as products, because the instances are intangible. MarketedComputerProgram marketed computer program The subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s that are not intended to operate by themselves, but do contain procedures that can be utilized by other <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s. Positive examples: DLLs, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvfVbYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycCanonicalizer</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwjnmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlugInProgram</a>s. Negative examples: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycKB</a>. ComputerProgramModule-CW module security program SecurityProgram An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrxE_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramTypeByFunction</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwDYT0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecurityProgram</a> is a computer program used to maintain, diagnose or otherwise safeguard the security of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwGq7AZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputationalSystem</a>. Note that many instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwDYT0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecurityProgram</a> can also be used to undermine the security of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwGq7AZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputationalSystem</a>. Artificial intelligence programs are computer programs designed to perform extremely complex tasks such as common-sense reasoning, pattern recognition, natural language understanding, sophisticated game-playing, and medical diagnosis. ArtificialIntelligenceProgram artificial intelligence program Programs which interact intimately either with the user or with other programs. InteractiveComputerProgram interactive program The class of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s used by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwRU8LpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AmericaOnlineInc</a> subscribers in order to gain unregistered entry into a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvc-PwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChatRoom</a>. ChatRoomBackdoorComputerProgram chat room backdoor Software products made by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvpSr7pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AdobeInc</a>. AdobeComputerProgram Adobe software emulator EmulatorProgram A collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s. Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvvJde5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmulatorProgram</a> is a program written to perform instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0wUyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Emulation</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvaYx6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmulatorHardware</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNBKb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">emulatesType</a>. java applet Applet-ComputerProgram Applets are small computer programs written in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQfjYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaProgrammingLanguage</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7msEF4gEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">Servlet_ComputerProgram</a>. Any program that implements the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIbQh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">XDisplayManagerControlProtocol</a>. The most familiar program of this sort is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-pwOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Xdm_TheProgram</a>. X display manager program XDisplayManagerProgram KnowledgeAcquisitionProgram knowledge acquisition program The collection of software programs designed to extract knowledge from some source (e.g., a person or a document), and store that knowledge away in a form that makes it amenable to integration in some formalized knowledge store. warez Warez-ComputerProgram Software that has been made available on the Internet for downloading. Some of this software are instances of Freeware, but some of it is pirated. financial program The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s designed primarily to manipulate, analyze, or represent financial data. General-purpose programs that can be used for financial data, including spreadsheets and word processors, are not instances. FinancialProgram Windows application MSWindowsApplication Programs that are made to run under <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riNGXwP2fQdaZXrfbbzQmow" class="cyc_term">MSWindows</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MSWindowsNT</a> mathematical computing program MathematicalComputingProgram ClassLoader-Java <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv1oQDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ClassLoader_Java</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv1oQDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ClassLoader_Java</a> examine instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCy9_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JavaClass</a> to ensure they do not violate the Java run-time system. One way to violate the run-time system would be to have a malicious program disable the standard SecurityManager class (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIeTuZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecurityManager_Java</a>), or replace it with a more permissive version. java class loader audio program The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>s designed to manipulate audio computer files. Instances would be 'KSCD', 'Microsoft's CD Player'. AudioProgram MiniVend-TheProgram Akopia MiniVend SPREADSHEET Excel SPREADSHEET-Excel BNA_ PASS The Program BNA_PASS-TheProgram <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwR19yJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Minicom_TheProgram</a> is a unix terminal program often used for communication between computers with modems. Minicom Minicom-TheProgram Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI ApplicationProgram A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a> is a program whose running copies perform specific functions either directly for users or as background processes. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a> is disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViws5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OperatingSystem</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQ499ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OperatingSystemKernel</a>. Together, these three collections partition <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. application program ApplicationProgram A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a> is a program whose running copies perform specific functions either directly for users or as background processes. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a> is disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViws5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OperatingSystem</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQ499ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OperatingSystemKernel</a>. Together, these three collections partition <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. application program software type by use SoftwareTypeByUse A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQC9Y5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerFile_CW</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcUMxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareObject_Individual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> is a deliberately created abstract object composed of propositions that together constitute a list of instructions for computers to execute. Example instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjYUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Emacs_TheProgram</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rviFn3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinuxKernel_TheProgram</a>. Instances of this collection are distinct from computer code and from both running and installed programs. The instructions that comprise an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> can be expressed as abstract computer code (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIZO5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode</a>), but no list of instructions expressed in code constitutes an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. Rather, the code in which an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> is expressed constitutes an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a> that can be related to the program it expresses using the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu7HHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programCode</a>. More than one instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIZO5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode</a> can express the same instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>; for example, a single instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> can be written in source code (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rva7pXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode_Source</a>) in several different computer languages, or it can be complied as a binary executable (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPrXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode_Binary</a>). A physical instantiation of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwE_DpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramCopy</a> which is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> and is related to its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> by the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSiusZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programCopies</a>. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> that is being executed is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj8AZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProcessRunning</a>, related to its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> by the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu_4wZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programOfProcess</a>. computer program ComputerProgram-CW ObjectType type of object The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the #$KRAKEN application to resolve natural language ambiguities. KE clarifying collection type KEClarifyingCollectionType ApplicationProgram A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a> is a program whose running copies perform specific functions either directly for users or as background processes. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyBIVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ApplicationProgram</a> is disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViws5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OperatingSystem</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQ499ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OperatingSystemKernel</a>. Together, these three collections partition <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. application program wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name