]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Observing A collection of information-gathering events in which an agent or group of agents acquire information by observing some thing or event. The observation may be mediated by equipment, such a binoculars, video cameras, body wires, an intercom, and other aids to real-time observation, and direct sensory perception on the part of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent_Embodied</a> is not required, although in cases of group observation, we require that there be at least one member of the group playing the role of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a> in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAsXo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Observing</a>. Positive examples: a military unit's following air traffic by means of radar or a submarine crew's tracking the progress of another submarine by means of sonar. observing observed observes observe will observe had observed has observed have observed will have observed

Observation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation remote sensing The collection of all remote sensing. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAsXo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Observing</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvfC7QpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RemoteSensing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rX4HA9JmFEdqAAAACs2IKaQ" class="cyc_term">TypicalHumanActivityType_AtLeastOnce</a>. RemoteSensing This is the technique of producing cross-sectional images of the body, especially of soft tissue, with a device that employs <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYD4N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NuclearMagneticResonance</a>. MRI MagneticResonanceImaging A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAsXo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Observing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjwtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvneYtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Perceiving_Voluntary</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event involving the deliberate direction of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjwtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> on the part of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a>. See also the specialization, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtZe3_JeNQdeFEpWcn6VbTA" class="cyc_term">EyeContact</a>. WatchingSomething watching magnification Magnification-Process The collection of all instances in which the image of something is magnified. RadioAstronomicalObservation This not the study of radio astronomy but its practice. It is the collection of events in which a radio telescope is used to observe astronomical objects. radio astronomical observation TypicalHumanActivityType-AtLeastOnce The collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViN65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanActivity</a> such that persons typically are involved in (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjFpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) at least one instance of the activity type in their lifetime. typical human activity type at least once A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj7CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationGathering</a>, some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntelligentAgent</a> gathers information about something. InformationGathering gathering information Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString recipientOfInfo A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a> TRANSFER RECIP)</code> means that the information transferred in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> <code>TRANSFER</code> is received by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> <code>RECIP</code>. After <code>TRANSFER</code>, <code>RECIP</code> understands or conceives of the information transferred in <code>TRANSFER</code>; Cyc does NOT conclude that s/he <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkLtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">knows</a> the information or counts it among his/her <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">beliefs</a>, because <code>RECIP</code> might not believe it. In receiving the information transferred, <code>RECIP</code> may be acting intentionally or unintentionally. Note that if the communication event used in the first argument slot of this predicate is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> and the recipient of the information was intended to receive the information by the originator of the communication event (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVwuhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a>) then <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7XiW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo_Intended</a> should probably be used instead of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWUq7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">infoTransferred</a>, and the slightly orthogonal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjggpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">intendedAudience</a> (which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a>). perceiver Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL type of temporally stuff-like thing TemporalStuffType A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. Observing A collection of information-gathering events in which an agent or group of agents acquire information by observing some thing or event. The observation may be mediated by equipment, such a binoculars, video cameras, body wires, an intercom, and other aids to real-time observation, and direct sensory perception on the part of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent_Embodied</a> is not required, although in cases of group observation, we require that there be at least one member of the group playing the role of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a> in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAsXo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Observing</a>. Positive examples: a military unit's following air traffic by means of radar or a submarine crew's tracking the progress of another submarine by means of sonar. observing physical information transfer A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> (q.v.) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjpjZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalEvent</a> each instance of which involves at least one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>, either as its source (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV5PA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>), as (at least one of) its destination(s) (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationDestination</a>), or both. (A partially tangible source or destination, note, must pre-exist the transfer event.) Indeed, most if not all actual information transfer events are physical events; but <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvucXhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferPhysicalEvent</a> does in principle exclude those such as telepathic communications between disembodied spirits or other <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQq-QpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Intangible</a>s. InformationTransferPhysicalEvent Observing A collection of information-gathering events in which an agent or group of agents acquire information by observing some thing or event. The observation may be mediated by equipment, such a binoculars, video cameras, body wires, an intercom, and other aids to real-time observation, and direct sensory perception on the part of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent_Embodied</a> is not required, although in cases of group observation, we require that there be at least one member of the group playing the role of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a> in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAsXo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Observing</a>. Positive examples: a military unit's following air traffic by means of radar or a submarine crew's tracking the progress of another submarine by means of sonar. observing Required Actor Slots A typed-specialization (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3W2hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvo8bsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rolesForEventType</a> (q.v.), whose second argument-place is constrained to instances (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ActorSlot</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> EVENTTYPE ACTORSLOT) means that for any instance EVENT of EVENTTYPE, there is some participant ACTOR that fills ACTORSLOT in EVENT (i.e. (ACTORSLOT EVENT ACTOR) holds). For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjeiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWStbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">outputsCreated</a>) means that in any creation event some output is created. requiredActorSlots Observing A collection of information-gathering events in which an agent or group of agents acquire information by observing some thing or event. The observation may be mediated by equipment, such a binoculars, video cameras, body wires, an intercom, and other aids to real-time observation, and direct sensory perception on the part of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVinLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PerceptualAgent_Embodied</a> is not required, although in cases of group observation, we require that there be at least one member of the group playing the role of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a> in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAsXo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Observing</a>. Positive examples: a military unit's following air traffic by means of radar or a submarine crew's tracking the progress of another submarine by means of sonar. observing wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name