]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. The collection of all events in which some sort of security has been breached. Examples include classified information transmitted to an unclassified destination, a person placing a classified document in an unclassified space, or simply a building being broken into. SecurityBreach security breach security breaches

Computer security

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security identity theft IdentityTheft The collection of thefts in which the things stolen are the "identities" of the victim. This means that the performer of an instance of this collection somehow gains unauthorized access to one or more crucial accounts of the victim and purchases items and so forth while posing as the victim. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvko_QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cracking_CompromisingSecurity</a> is a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCl_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecurityBreach</a>. It is the collection of actions that occurs whenever the security measures of some individual are circumvented by some unauthorized agent. A wide variety of events may be elements of this collection. For example, if one blows a safe open with dynamite one is said to ''crack the safe''. Also, if one guesses the combination to a safe (in this case one also performs an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkLWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnlockingALock</a>), one compromises its security. If someone cracks a password protected computer system (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0hea5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PenetratingAComputerNetwork</a>), one either circumvents the password access protocol or has otherwise determined the password to the system without appropriate permission. Take care in distinguishing <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvko_QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cracking_CompromisingSecurity</a> from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCl_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecurityBreach</a>: the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvko_QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cracking_CompromisingSecurity</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>, whereas the more general collection, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCl_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecurityBreach</a>, is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCl_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecurityBreach</a> occur whenever security is breached, whether or not it was intentionally cracked, but all and only purposefully executed breaches of security are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvko_QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cracking_CompromisingSecurity</a>. hacking Cracking-CompromisingSecurity The collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>s (q.v.) that are carried out by some "doer" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1HmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">doneBy</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a> include any event in which one or more actors effect some change in the (tangible or intangible) state of the world, typically by an expenditure of effort or energy. Note that it is not required that any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of an action might be intangible (such as a change in a bank balance or the intimidation of a subordinate). Note also that the doer of an action, though typically an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> (q.v.), need not be (e.g. a falling rock that dents a car's roof). Depending upon the context, doers of actions might be animate or inanimate, conscious or nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">performedBy</a>. action Action Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString The collection of all events in which some sort of security has been breached. Examples include classified information transmitted to an unclassified destination, a person placing a classified document in an unclassified space, or simply a building being broken into. SecurityBreach security breach maleficiary maleficiary An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ActorSlot</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rDBgTEMEtQdeASt1DhnvcnQ" class="cyc_term">objectHarmed</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWbTOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">maleficiary</a> EVENT AGENT)</code> means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> <code>AGENT</code> is harmed (in some sense) by the occurrence of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a> <code>EVENT</code>. In some cases, this is consistent with <code>EVENT</code> being (in some sense) beneficial to <code>AGENT</code>. For example, being punished might harm one in the short run, but benefit one in the long run. Thus the fact that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWbTOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">maleficiary</a> is a required actor slot for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViZKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Punishing</a> does not entail that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViZKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Punishing</a> is always (completely) detrimental to the person punished. Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL The collection of all events in which some sort of security has been breached. Examples include classified information transmitted to an unclassified destination, a person placing a classified document in an unclassified space, or simply a building being broken into. SecurityBreach security breach Required Actor Slots A typed-specialization (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3W2hJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typedGenlPreds</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvo8bsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">rolesForEventType</a> (q.v.), whose second argument-place is constrained to instances (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvuItPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argIsa</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ActorSlot</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> EVENTTYPE ACTORSLOT) means that for any instance EVENT of EVENTTYPE, there is some participant ACTOR that fills ACTORSLOT in EVENT (i.e. (ACTORSLOT EVENT ACTOR) holds). For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCgF_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredActorSlots</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjeiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWStbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">outputsCreated</a>) means that in any creation event some output is created. requiredActorSlots The collection of all events in which some sort of security has been breached. Examples include classified information transmitted to an unclassified destination, a person placing a classified document in an unclassified space, or simply a building being broken into. SecurityBreach security breach TemporalObjectType temporal object type A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally object-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally object-like just in case it generally holds that any proper purely temporal parts (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>. More precisely, a collection <code>COL</code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> just in case it satisfies the following: For any distinct <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then not <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. For example, none of the proper time-slices of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is itself a calendar year. Likewise for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> are both instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>. Conversely, a proper time-slice of a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> might itself be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> (e.g. an hour has minutes and seconds as time-slices); so <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> is not a temporal-object-type. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally stuff-like. wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name