]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ra50_OGkMEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">AgentNowTerminated</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a> is a dead, formerly living organism. If the sentence, "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> ORG <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>)" is true, it means that ORG was once an organism (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjE1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organism_Whole</a>) which was alive and that ORG underwent death (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dying</a>) at some time prior to the time at which "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> ORG <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>)" is true. Deceased dead organism dead deadest deader dead organisms

Death

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death dead whale (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn Whale) dead human body (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn HomoSapiens) dead bird (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn Bird) (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn Terrorist) dead terrorist dead insect (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn Insect) dead vertebrate (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn Vertebrate) (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn Tree-ThePlant) dead tree dead male person (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn MaleHuman) corpse A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjD0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganicMaterial</a> (and not, of course, of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Animal</a>, whose instances must be alive). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViUxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadAnimal</a> is a corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing. DeadAnimal The collection of all carcasses. A type of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViUxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeadAnimal</a>. (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn Animal) carcass dead person (DeadPhysicalRemainsFn Person) HansHolbein-TheArtist Hans Holbein Matisse-TheArtist Henri Matisse SusanHayward Susan Hayward KamalJumblatt Kamal Jumblatt Lon Chaney LonChaney Gilbert Gilbert (Betta splendens) Odilon Redon OdilonRedon-TheArtist BorisPasternak Boris Pasternak WilliamHoy-BaseballPlayer William 'Dummy' Hoy Fred MacMurray FredMacMurray Henny Youngman HennyYoungman EdAutry Ed Autry An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MaleHuman</a>. United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck; founded Disneyland (1901-1966). Walt Disney WaltDisney PieTraynor-BaseballPlayer Pie Traynor Adolf Fraenkel AdolfFraenkel Steve McQueen SteveMcQueen LudwigVanBeethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven DavidHume David Hume Johann Lavater JohannCasparLavater HieronymusBosch-TheArtist Hieronymus Bosch VernonGomez-BaseballPlayer Vernon Gomez Thelonious Monk TheloniousMonk ParFabianLagerkvist Par Lagerkvist Helen Keller HelenKeller Arthur Streeton ArthurStreeton-TheArtist Camilo Cela CamiloJoseCela Henrik Pontoppidan HenrikPontoppidan FranklinPierce Franklin Pierce Albert Schweitzer AlbertSchweitzer The German rhetorical stylist, philosopher of ethics and essayist who is famous for his development of the notion of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzoMs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Nietzschean_Superman</a>, or UberMensch, a person who sets his/her own moral standards and is not dependent on the approval or approbation of his social group. Despite his remarkable misanthropy and misogyny, Nietzsche never directed his bile against any single ethnic grouping in fact, it was a distaste for racism in general that caused him to end his friendship with the German composer <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwDzbIZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RichardWagner</a>. Nonetheless, his moral standpoint was open to misinterpretation, and his philosophies on the superman mentality were later adopted and perverted by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBgoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GermanNaziParty</a>. FriedrichNietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche DavidNiven David Niven Irving Berlin IrvingBerlin AgathaChristie-Author Agatha Christie GiovanniPiranesi-TheArtist Giovanni Piranesi JohnEverettMillais-TheArtist Sir John Everett Millais BobFosse Bob Fosse JamesNaismith James Naismith Miguel Asturias MiguelAngelAsturias KarlAdolphGjellerup Karl Gjellerup Valentine-TheMartyr Valentine The Roman martyr-priest who was killed for his refusal to disavow his faith in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjK6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Christianity</a>. Possibly because his feast, February 14 (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjgYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ValentinesDay</a>), was close to a pagan <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViUM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Love</a> festival, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv6frKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Valentine_TheMartyr</a> became known as a patron of lovers. The lovers' greeting cards sent on this day are called valentines or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv153YpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ValentinesCard</a>s. His feast was dropped from the liturgical calendar of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Catholicism</a> in 1969. Charles Pierce CharlesPierce Vivian Vance VivianVance AlbertCamus Albert Camus ThomasHartBenton-TheArtist Thomas Hart Benton BrettWhiteley-TheArtist Brett Whiteley John Tyler JohnTyler The historical individual who, through extensive letter-writing and missionary work, began the transformation of Christianity from a Jewish reform-movement to a full-blown religion in its own right. Not a contemporary of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViyXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JesusOfNazareth</a>, Paul allegedly decided to devote his life to that prophet's teachings after a ghostly encounter with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv3n0p5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JesusChrist</a> on the roadside. Paul-GospelWriter Saint Paul Abraham Lincoln AbrahamLincoln Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), born in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0u5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Kentucky_State</a>, practiced law in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDD5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CityOfSpringfieldIL</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitlJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Illinois_State</a>) and held several public offices there. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBiTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbrahamLincoln</a> was elected the 16th president of the United States and he was the Union's leader during the #$UnitedStatesCivilWar. He was assassinated by the actor <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCgL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JohnWilkesBooth</a>. LeroyPaige-BaseballPlayer Satchel Paige Andy Kaufman AndyKaufman AlfredNorthWhitehead <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AlfredNorthWhitehead</a> is a philosopher who is best known for his collaboration in mathematics and logic with his pupil <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BertrandRussell</a>. Also, he developed a general and systematic process metaphysics. Alfred Whitehead BenjaminHarrison An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a>. 23rd President of the United States (1833-1901). Benjamin Harrison Albert Skolem AlbertThoralfSkolem Tex Avery TexAvery-MovieDirector Claude Lorrain ClaudeLorrain-TheArtist Franz Gall The inspirator of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwUmC3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Phrenology</a>. These theories have long been discredited but Gall's work remain of great significant in the understanding of the early roots of modern theories of cerebral localization and neuroscience. FranzJosephGall John Singleton Copley JohnSingletonCopley-TheArtist EmilSitka Emil Sitka ClaudeSimon Claude Simon John Wayne JohnWayne Robert Shayne RobertShayne ImmanuelKant Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who lived from 1724-1804. He is most famous for what he called his "Copernican Revolution" in philosophy, according to which the mind is neither the sole active originator of experience nor a mere passive recipient of experience; rather, the form of experience is contributed by the mind while the intuited content of experience is both necessary for empirical knowledge and a product of factors other than the mind. Immanuel Kant MarcusAureliusAntoninus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus HenrykSienkiewcz Henryk Sienkiewicz Jacinto Benavente JacintoBenavente Rod Serling RodSerling Sir Francis Drake SirFrancisDrake-HistoricPerson Morey Amsterdam MoreyAmsterdam Luther Burbank LutherBurbank Stuart Sutcliffe StuartSutcliffe <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4kaJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GottlobFrege</a> was one of the founders of modern symbolic logic. Gottlob Frege GottlobFrege Rudolf Euken RudolfChristophEuken Gabriela Mistral GabrielaMistral Adlai E Stevenson Jr AdlaiEStevensonJr AdamClaytonPowellJr Adam Clayton Powell, Jr Bjoernstjerne Bjoernson BjoernstjerneBjoernson JeanArp-TheArtist Jean Arp IsaacBashevisSinger Isaac Singer BlindLemonJefferson Blind Lemon Jefferson HafezAlAssad Hafez al-Asad President of Syria from 1971-2000. Stan Kenton StanKenton RomainRolland Romain Rolland GilbertStuart-TheArtist Gilbert Stuart Robin Collingwood RobinGeorgeCollingwood FredericMistral Frederic Mistral EinarBenediktsson Einar Benediktsson Rita Hayworth RitaHayworth FransEemilSillanpaa Frans Sillanpaa Henri Bergson HenriBergson Beatrix Potter BeatrixPotter-Author HenryMoore-TheArtist Henry Moore Isadora Duncan IsadoraDuncan JudyGarland Judy Garland PearlBailey Pearl Bailey ElvisPresley-Musician Elvis Presley Maurice Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck MauriceMaeterlinck Dan Blocker DanBlocker JaroslavSeifert Jaroslav Seifert CharlesDarwin Charles Darwin Yasunari Kawabata YasunariKawabata Oscar Levant OscarLevant MaryBakerEddy Mary Baker Eddy The new testament (i.e., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQB295wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChristianPerson</a>) sub-abstraction of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GodOfAbrahamIsaacAndJacob</a> in which the godhead is viewed as a Son of God (see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4zfBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GodTheFather</a>) GodTheSon God The Son GrouchoMarx Groucho Marx Kaspar One of the three wise men (or magi) that visited <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViyXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JesusOfNazareth</a> at the nativity. Kaspar Hans Christian Andersen HansChristianAndersen-Author George Boole GeorgeBoole Thomas Edison ThomasEdison Wladyslaw Reyment WladyslawReyment William Faulkner WilliamFaulkner Buster Keaton BusterKeaton Raphael Raphael-TheArtist BasilRathbone Basil Rathbone Man Ray ManRay-TheArtist PabloPicasso-TheArtist Pablo Picasso Emily Carr EmilyCarr-TheArtist Liberace Liberace Juan Jimenez JuanRamonJimenez Adam Elsheimer AdamElsheimer-TheArtist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy LaszloMoholy-Nagy-TheArtist MichaelVGazzo Michael Gazzo DeanMartin Dean Martin Claude Monet ClaudeMonet-TheArtist Leo Durocher LeoDurocher-BaseballPlayer Barry Goldwater BarryGoldwater FransHals-TheArtist Frans Hals Wyatt Earp WyattEarp JosephBeuys-TheArtist Joseph Beuys JohnAdams John Adams The 2nd president of the US. Allen Ludden AllenLudden Carry Nation CarryNation ReneDescartes Rene Descartes BertrandRussell <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViLgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BertrandRussell</a> was a philosopher whose most influential contributions include his defense of logicism and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of analytic philosophy. Along with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvarT5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KurtGodel</a>, he is also often credited with being one of the two most important logicians of the twentieth century. Imprisoned in 1918 for pacifism, he was increasingly engaged in political activities. In 1950 he won the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzn-O5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NobelPrizeForLiterature_1950</a>. Bertrand Russell George Reeves GeorgeReeves Oliver Hardy OliverHardy The individual that christians believe to be the messiah, or first coming of the Lord as predicted in the Judaic scriptures. Born in Bethlehem, died in Jerusalem (in the #$CrucifixionOfJesus) but associated with the city of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCPA0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CityOfNazareth</a>, where his family settled after returning from exile in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViTg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Egypt</a>. JesusOfNazareth Jesus of Nazareth AleksandrPushkin Aleksandr Pushkin JohnCage-Author John Cage A student of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rr9CCkSGgEdaaVQBQ2sS97Q" class="cyc_term">AlonzoChurch</a> and one of the greatest logicians of the 20th century. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rr9CpoSGgEdaaVQBQ2sS97Q" class="cyc_term">StephenCKleene</a>'s greatest influence was on theory of computability, both in its mathematical and philosophical aspects. Among its greatest contributions: the development of the theory of degrees of computability, computable ordinals and the arithmetic hierarchy; recursive realizability, an intepretation of intuitionistic mathematics in computability theory. StephenCKleene Stephen Kleene Elizabeth Montgomery ElizabethMontgomery Audrey Meadows AudreyMeadows WilliamFrawley William Frawley RaymondMassey Raymond Massey Melchior One of the three wise men (or magi) that visited <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViyXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JesusOfNazareth</a> at the nativity. Melchior Milton Avery MiltonAvery-TheArtist RichardFeynman Richard Feynman TyCobb-BaseballPlayer Ty Cobb FraAngelico-TheArtist Fra Angelico WilburWright Wilbur Wright DrBenjaminSpock Dr Benjamin Spock DukeEllington Duke Ellington AntonioAllegriCorreggio-TheArtist Antonio Allegri Correggio ChristyMathewson-BaseballPlayer Christy Mathewson GeorgePeppard George Peppard AbelGance-MovieDirector Abel Gance SamWalton Sam Walton Marie Curie MarieCurie The first woman to receive a Nobel Prize. Received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre Curie for 'joint researches on the radiation phenomenon discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel' and the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 'discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element'. Bruce Lee BruceLee Nicolo Machiavelli Machiavelli-HistoricPerson Pierre-Paul Broca Pierre-PaulBroca <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQXBKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Pierre_PaulBroca</a> is a French XIXth century surgeon famous for his importance in the historical development of medicine and neurosciences. He discovered the area of brain which controlle speech, now known as Broca's area or third circumvolution of the frontal lobe, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQwJQpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BrocasArea</a>. MarthaRaye Martha Raye JosephCornell-TheArtist Joseph Cornell IvoAndric Ivo Andric LauraIngallsWilder-Author Laura Ingalls Wilder John Constable JohnConstable-TheArtist Phil Hartman PhilHartman IvanBunin Ivan Bunin SalvatoreQuasimodo Salvatore Quasimodo Jean Cocteau JeanCocteau-Author Walter Payton WalterPayton ReneFrancoisArmand Rene Armand King Richard III KingRichardIII CaryGrant Cary Grant GiacomoLeopardi Giacomo Leopardi Abraham Maslow AbrahamMaslow Stanislaw Lesniewski StanislawLesniewski Ed Sullivan EdSullivan Muhammad ibnu Abdillah was born in Mecca in the year 569 CE. He earned his living as a trader and was known by his people as al-amin (the trustworthy one). When Muhammad reached the age of 40, the angel Gabriel came to him with revelations that established his prophethood. Muhammad was first ordered to instruct his immediate family on Islam, including his beloved wife Khadija, but eventually it was revealed to him that he should begin delivering the message to all of mankind. In the next 20 years of his life, he communicated the message of Allah to his people, and set an example for how each human being should lead her or his life. This is especially valuable since Muhammad is the last Prophet of Allah. In the year 632, the year of his death, the Prophet delivered his famous last sermon. MuhammadTheProphet Muhammad Jean Fouquet JeanFouquet-TheArtist AlfredEisenstaedt-TheArtist Alfred Eisenstaedt Roy Campanella RoyCampanella-BaseballPlayer Suicide Bomber 01234 SuicideBomber-01234 Woody Guthrie WoodyGuthrie Tod Browning TodBrowning-MovieDirector AndrewJohnson Andrew Johnson MossHart Moss Hart An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjma5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FamousHuman</a>. United States playwright who collaborated with George S. Kaufman (1904-1961). BernardLawMontgomery Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, a field marshal in WWII who became the darling of the British public after his victory (in 1942) at Al-Alamein in North Africa. He was the field commander of all ground forces in Normandy until 1944. Bernard Law Montgomery John Wesley is widely recognized as the founder of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkBMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MethodistReligion</a>. John Wesley JohnWesley-ReligiousFigure Foxy Grandpa CyYoung-BaseballPlayer AntoninArtaud Antonin Artaud MichaelLandon Michael Landon SojournerTruth Sojourner Truth Vivien Leigh VivienLeigh Andrea Mantegna AndreaMantegna-TheArtist GroverCleveland Grover Cleveland EvaGabor Eva Gabor DorothyLamour Dorothy Lamour June Marlowe JuneMarlowe Chris Farley ChrisFarley Chris Wallace ChrisWallace RichardBrooks Richard Brooks Max Ernst MaxErnst-TheArtist Bert Convy BertConvy MichelAflag Michel Aflag George Sanders GeorgeSanders Carl Spitteler CarlSpitteler Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys AnthonyFrederickAugustusSandys-TheArtist SatyajitRay-MovieDirector Satyajit Ray Warren Harding WarrenHarding DavidJanssen David Janssen AntoineDeSaint-Exupery Antoine De Saint-Exupery Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz IreneDunne Irene Dunne EgonSchiele-TheArtist Egon Schiele Divine-TheActor Harris Milstead WilliamJDonovan William Donovan Natalie Wood NatalieWood MaryPickford Mary Pickford CalvinCoolidge Calvin Coolidge MotherTeresa Mother Teresa BrianJones-Musician Brian Jones Howard Hughes HowardHughes JohnDRockefeller John D. Rockefeller Winston Churchill WinstonChurchill VictorBuono Victor Buono PabloEscobar Pablo Escobar JackBenny Jack Benny WilliamHogarth-TheArtist William Hogarth Louis Braille LouisBraille John Quincy Adams JohnQAdams The 6th president of the US Joan of Arc JoanOfArc Patron saint of France and national heroine who led the resistance to the English invasion of France during the Hundred Years War. Mickey Cochrane MickeyCochrane-BaseballPlayer Herbert Hoover HerbertHoover Phidias was an Athenian sculptor, and the artistic director during the construction of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvg_ko5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Parthenon</a>. He flourished during the 5th century BC. He is credited with establishing the general conceptions of the god <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Zeus</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyrvVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Athena_TheGoddess</a>, as well as the classical style associated with Greek art of the 4th and 5th centuries BC. Pheidias Phidias MildredDavis Mildred Davis VincentPrice Vincent Price Honus Wagner HonusWagner-BaseballPlayer LuigiPirandello Luigi Pirandello GiorgosSeferiadis Giorgos Seferiadis Humphrey Bogart HumphreyBogart Jan Van Eyck JanVanEyck-TheArtist MartinVanBuren Martin Van Buren Thomas Moran ThomasMoran-TheArtist FranzBrentano Franz Brentano ShoelessJoe-BaseballPlayer Shoeless Joe Jackson Ernst Haeckel ErnstHaeckel ElijahMcCoy Elijah McCoy JesusChrist The divine being one of whose physical incarnations is held to be <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViyXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JesusOfNazareth</a>. Jesus Christ Colette Colette Fred Astaire FredAstaire VinceEdwards Vince Edwards Charlie Rich CharlieRich WillardVanOrmanQuine W. V. O. Quine Willard Van Orman Quine was a 20th century metaphysician, epistemologist, and philosopher of logic and language. His main contribution to philosophy was a well-worked out skepticism towards meaning, analyticity, and modality. Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle is an ancient Greek philosopher. SenatorJosephMcCarthy Senator Joseph McCarthy Walter Brennan WalterBrennan Marilyn Monroe MarilynMonroe Rene Magritte ReneMagritte-TheArtist George Berkeley GeorgeBerkeley-Philosopher SinclairLewis Sinclair Lewis FatsWaller Fats Waller Shmuel Agnon ShmuelYosefAgnon James Hutton JamesHutton <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvfLbQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JamesHutton</a> is considered the father of modern <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj7vJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Geology</a>. Pericles was an Athenian statesman and military leader. He lived during the 5th century BC, and is credited with fostering the development of Athens - both as the seat of an empire, and as a democracy. Pericles Pericles LeslieHoward Leslie Howard WilliamHenryHarrison William Harrison AlexanderTheGreat-HistoricPerson Alexander The Great Alexis Leger AlexisLeger Horatio Nelson HoratioNelson DonatoBramante-Architect Bramante JohnHancock John Hancock PaulLynde Paul Lynde Reggie Lewis Basketball Player ReggieLewis-BasketballPlayer Henri Rousseau HenriRousseau-TheArtist BramStoker Bram Stoker Bram (Abraham) Stoker was born November 8, 1847 in Dublin, Ireland. Stoker was a sickly child and spent a lot of time in bed. Growing up his mother told him a lot of horror stories. Stoker studied Math at Trinity College Dublin. After graduation he became a civil servant. At this time, he also worked as a free lance journalist, a drama critic and editor of the "Evening Mail". In 1876 he met Sir Henry Irving, a famous actor. Stoker accepted a job as a personal secretary to Irving and went to England in 1878. While working for Irving he met an aspiring actress named Florence Balcombe. They were married 1878 and had one son, Noel, born 1879. In England he also began writing a series of novels and short stories the first of which was "The Snake's Pass". Although best known for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCoeBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dracula_TheNovel</a>, Stoker wrote eighteen books before he died in 1912 of exhaustion GiovanniBattistadellaPorta John della Porta Chester Arthur ChesterAlanArthur Niels Bohr NielsBohr Brendan Behan BrendanBehan NellieFox-BaseballPlayer Nellie Fox Russell Drysdale RussellDrysdale-TheArtist Akira Kurosawa AkiraKurosawa-MovieDirector MichailSholokhov Michail Sholokhov TallulahBankhead Tallulah Bankhead Mabel Normand MabelNormand Thomas Cole ThomasCole-TheArtist ChristianMommsen Christian Matthias Mommsen FreddiePrinzeJr Freddie Prinze HalRoach Hal Roach Wally Cox WallyCox HenryJames Henry James JeanRenoir-MovieDirector Jean Renoir Mary Martin MaryMartin CharlesLaughton Charles Laughton Rembrandt RembrandtVanRijn Leo Ford LeoFord EnricoCaruso Enrico Caruso Edd Roush EddRoush-BaseballPlayer RobertoClemente-BaseballPlayer Roberto Clemente Carl Von Heindenstam CarlVonHeindenstam Odysseus Alepoudhelis OdysseusAlepoudhelis Margaret Hamilton MargaretHamilton Donald Davidson DonaldDavidson Together with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIaTXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WillardVanOrmanQuine</a>, whose student he was at Harvard, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rVvCbpFGeEdaToQABAxv6tg" class="cyc_term">DonaldDavidson</a> is one of the most important figures in 20th-century Anglo-American philosophy. He developed Quine's ideas about meaning and reference in novel and -- by some accounts -- deeper ways, especially in the philosophies of mind, psychology, language and action. Davidson is renowned for a string of stunningly short papers that are now recognized as seminal works in their respective areas: meaning and Tarskian truth theories, events and causation, the logical form of action sentences, radical interpretation, the existence of alternative conceptual schemes. Davidson's interpretation of action sentences as existence claims about event particulars forms the conceptual basis for Cyc's event and actor-slot vocabulary. AdaLovelace Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace was the daughter of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqfwz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LordGeorgeGordonByron</a>. She studied mathematics with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwT9SsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AugustusDeMorgan</a> and worked on the first computer with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAhaLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharlesBabbage</a>. Augusta King Nelly Sachs NellySachs Gene Tierney GeneTierney DonnaReed Donna Reed Jerome Kern JeromeKern EdwinPowellHubble-HistoricPerson Edwin Powell Hubble Gustave Courbet GustaveCourbet-TheArtist AntonChekhov Anton Chekhov ThomasJefferson Thomas Jefferson The 3rd president of the US WilliamJames William James LudwigWittgenstein Ludwig Wittgenstein Bela Bartok BelaBartok Arturo Toscanini ArturoToscanini Jacques Thibault JacquesAnatoleThibault Edna Purviance EdnaPurviance Baruch Spinoza BaruchSpinoza Ethel Barrymore EthelBarrymore JohanJongkind-TheArtist Johan Jongkind DiegoRivera-TheArtist Diego Rivera EdwardHopper-TheArtist Edward Hopper whistler JamesAbbottMcneillWhistler-TheArtist Joan Crawford JoanCrawford Arthur Schopenhauer ArthurSchopenhauer William Golding WilliamGolding Winslow Homer WinslowHomer-TheArtist German theologian, founder of the Lutheran religion, chiefly responsible for the Protestant reformation. He lived from 1483 to 1546. Martin Luther MartinLuther-ReligiousFigure RBuckminsterFuller R. Buckminster Fuller Frida Kahlo FridaKahlo-TheArtist John Gilbert JohnGilbert Al Jolson AlJolson Gustave Moreau GustaveMoreau-TheArtist Gloria Grahame GloriaGrahame Cleopatra-HistoricPerson Cleopatra Rutherford B. Hayes RutherfordBHayes An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBS0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesPresident</a>. 19th President of the United States; his administration removed federal troops from the South and so ended the Reconstruction Period (1822-1893). Clark Gable ClarkGable CamillePissarro-TheArtist Camille Pissarro MaoTse-tung Mao Tse-tung C S Peirce <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwMvxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharlesPeirce</a> was the first significant American <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-Pbe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Logician</a>. CharlesPeirce JamesDean James Dean LadyElizabethSoutherdenButler-TheArtist Lady Elizabeth Southerden Butler JoanMiro-TheArtist Joan Miro Gene Autry GeneAutry MahaliaJackson Mahalia Jackson Also known as the angelic doctor. born: 1225. died: 1274. A monk noted both for his physical bulk and his affect on the development of Christian Theology. Aquinas moved the church's scholarly emphasis away from Plato, and toward Aristotle. This opened the door for theologians to argue on the basis of human reason, and not merely faith alone. Aquinas thus had an enormous effect on the development of Western Science, since questioning how the world worked was now considered a laudable subject of religious inquiry. ThomasAquinas Thomas Aquinas Henry Ford HenryFord IsaacNewton Isaac Newton Nicholas Roerich NicholasRoerich-TheArtist Frank Nelson FrankNelson AubreyBeardsley-TheArtist Aubrey Beardsley Johannes Brahms JohannesBrahms Louis Armstrong LouisArmstrong Joseph Pulitzer JosephPulitzer OHenry O. Henry Ernst Zermelo ErnstZermelo Phil Silvers PhilSilvers Drazen Petrovic Basketball Player DrazenPetrovic-BasketballPlayer AdamSmith Adam Smith Adam Smith, the Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations. Balthazzar Balthazzar One of the three wise men (or magi) that visited <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViyXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JesusOfNazareth</a> at the nativity. GamalAbdelNasser Gamal Nasser MonaLisa-Person Mona Lisa Mona Lisa, 1479-before1550, etsimated. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MaleHuman</a>. German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831). Hegel Georg Hegel James Tissot JamesTissot-TheArtist VeronicaLake Veronica Lake AndreGide Andre Gide Charles Dickens CharlesDickens Joos Van Wassenhove JoosVanWassenhove-TheArtist MaximeJonas Maxime Jonas RobertMitchum Robert Mitchum Sam Peckinpah SamPeckinpah-MovieDirector Theodore Roosevelt The 26th president of the US TheodoreRoosevelt Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-PaulSartre MillardFillmore Millard Fillmore Halldor Laxness HalldorKiljanLaxness GeneSiskel Gene Siskel GeorgeArmstrongCuster George Armstrong Custer AlfredSisley-TheArtist Alfred Sisley William Powell WilliamPowell Erik Karlfeldt ErikAxelKarlfeldt William Demarest WilliamDemarest Theda Bara ThedaBara KnutHamsun Knut Hamsun Hack Wilson HackWilson-BaseballPlayer PaulGaugin-TheArtist Paul Gaugin LionelBarrymore Lionel Barrymore Pat Nixon PatNixon EdwardGRobinson Edward Robinson JEdgarHoover J. Edgar Hoover TomRoberts-TheArtist Tom Roberts Edmund Husserl EdmundHusserl The influential German composer, most famous for his composition 'Ride of the Valkyries' and his operas 'Tannh&auml;user' and 'Parsifal'. His quest for Pan-Germanic `total art' was marred by his notorious anti-semitism. A one-time friend of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvhkwypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FriedrichNietzsche</a>, Nietzsche believed Wagner to embody all the aspects of his moral Ubermensch (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzoMs5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Nietzschean_Superman</a>). However, Nietzsche was later to become disillusioned with Wagner's anti-semitism. Richard Wagner RichardWagner Heinrich Boll HeinrichBoll JosephineHull Josephine Hull Paul Robeson PaulRobeson Jean Vigo JeanVigo-MovieDirector PeterIlyichTchaikovsky Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky HarryMartinson Harry Martinson CasparDavidFriedrich-TheArtist Caspar David Friedrich JackieRobinson-BaseballPlayer Jackie Robinson <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrTAcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BFSkinner</a> is a psychologist famous for introducing the notion of operant conditioning, Burrhus Skinner BFSkinner Wilfred Sellars WilfredSellars <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwUWKLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WilfredSellars</a> was a systematic philosopher who understood the aim of philosophy as 'to understand how things in the broadest possible sense of the term hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term'. Louis Malle LouisMalle Edvard Munch EdvardMunch-TheArtist SelmaLagerlof Selma Lagerlof StephenMcNally Stephen McNally NaguibMahfouz Naguib Mahfouz Frank Chance FrankChance-BaseballPlayer ThurmanMunson-BaseballPlayer Thurman Munson LeopoldStokowski Leopold Stokowski AugustusDeMorgan Augustus De Morgan JohnGarfield John Garfield Altichiero Altichiero-TheArtist DougMcClure Doug McClure LeeMarvin Lee Marvin RogerMartinDuGard Roger Du Gard Maureen O'Sullivan MaureenOSullivan EddieCantor Eddie Cantor GerhartHauptmann Gerhart Hauptmann JamesBell-BaseballPlayer James Bell Honore Daumier HonoreDaumier-TheArtist Grazia Madesani GraziaMadesani Trajan-RomanEmperor <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv6zfYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Trajan_RomanEmperor</a> (Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Caesar Augustus Nervae Germanicus Decicus Parthicus, 53-117 A.D.) was a spanish-roman soldier who was adopted by the emperor Nerva and became co-emperor, and sole emperor of the Roman Empire from 98 to 177 A.D. A great general and effective ruler, he brought the empire to its greatest territorial extent when he conquered Dacia and most of Parthia. He partly drained the Pontine Marshes. He died in Cilicia and was succeeded as emperor of Rome by his adopted son Hadrian. He was deified after his death. Trajan PatrickWhite-Author Patrick White Jerry Garcia JerryGarcia Montgomery Clift MontgomeryClift BertoltBrecht Bertolt Brecht John Cassavetes JohnCassavetes Jean Piaget JeanPiaget John Candy JohnCandy FattyArbuckle Fatty Arbuckle MyrnaLoy Myrna Loy HarrietTubman-HistoricPerson Harriet Tubman Josephine Baker JosephineBaker-Dancer Georg Cantor <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwRYU2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeorgCantor</a> was a Russian-born German <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkB15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematician</a> who developed the first clear and comprehensive account of transfinite sets and numbers. GeorgCantor PeterPaulRubens-TheArtist Rubens DouglasFairbanksJr Douglas Fairbanks Jr SigmundFreud Sigmund Freud JoeDiMaggio-BaseballPlayer Joe DiMaggio Tris Speaker TrisSpeaker-BaseballPlayer OttoPreminger Otto Preminger SamKinison Sam Kinison J. L. Austin was an "ordinary language" philosopher at Oxford in the early part of the 20th century. He made major contributions to the study of speech acts. J. L. Austin JohnLAustin Pope John Paul II PopeJohnPaulII DorothyParker-Author Dorothy Parker Giosue Carducci GiosueCarducci SharonTate Sharon Tate DanaPlato Dana Plato VicenteAleixandre Vicente Aleixandre Patsy Cline PatsyCline SandroBotticelli-TheArtist Sandro Botticelli Marc Chagall MarcChagall EyvindJohnson Eyvind Johnson William Taft WilliamHowardTaft KurtGodel Kurt Godel The most important logician of the twentieth century. He demonstrated the completeness of the first-order predicate calculus and the incompleteness of any formal system strong enough to demonstrate the truths of Peano arithmetic. He also made important contributions to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv36W7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SetTheory</a> and to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>. LouisPasteur Louis Pasteur Hammurabi Hammurabi Hammurabi was king of Babylon in the 18th century B. C. and is credited with writing an enduring code of laws. George Gobel GeorgeGobel JohannesVilhelmJensen Johannes Jensen AlonzoChurch Church was professor of mathematics at Princeton University and later professor of mathematics and philosophy at UCLA. His work has been greatly influential in the fields of mathematical logic, recursion theory, and theoretical computer science. At the time of his death, Church was widely regarded as the greatest living logician in the world. Among his greatest contributions: the lambda calculus, Church's Thesis (every effectively computable function can be computed by a recursive function). Alonzo Church Walter Crane WalterCrane-TheArtist FrancisBacon-TheArtist Francis Bacon JamesEnsor-TheArtist James Ensor Ian McKellen SirIanMcKellen The 37th president of the US RichardNixon Richard Nixon MarcelProust-Author Marcel Proust GeorgesSeurat-TheArtist Georges Seurat Alfred Nobel AlfredNobel Alfred Nobel was a swedish chemist reknowned for the development of explosives, including <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwH6055wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dynamite</a>. He established the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj_y5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NobelPrize</a>. James Buchanan JamesBuchanan Jean-HonoreFragonard-TheArtist Jean-Honore Fragonard BuddyHolly Buddy Holly James Garfield JamesAGarfield ZacharyTaylor Zachary Taylor JamesMcNeillWhistler-TheArtist James McNeill Whistler Peter Lorre PeterLorre MaudAdams Maud Adams GeorgeSPatton George S. Patton DeforestKelley DeForest Kelley FrederickMcCubbin-TheArtist Frederick McCubbin The Rt. Rev. Horatio Potter (1802-1887), 19th Century American clergyman, a priest and bishop [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwN8hS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bishop_Clerical</a>] in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwEsjM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EpiscopalianReligion</a>. He attended Union Theological Seminary, became a priest, and later bishop of New York. He married Mary Jane Tomlinson. In 1865 he created the order of the Sisters of St. Mary, and in 1873 he founded <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwFAgb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StJohnTheDivineCathedral_NewYork</a>, the largest cathedral in the Western Hemisphere (where he is entombed behind the altar). He was succeeded as bishop of New York by his nephew, Henry Codman Potter in 1887. Horatio Potter HoratioPotter-Bishop ChristianGoldbach-Scientist Christian Goldbach Francois Mauriac FrancoisMauriac DW Griffith DWGriffith More famously known as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rveeai5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Buddha</a>. A soothsayer is said to have predicted at Siddhartha's birth that he would become a world ruler or a world teacher. His father, King Suddhodana, of the warrior caste, raised him in great luxury, but at the age of 29 Siddhartha renounced the world to become a wandering ascetic and search for a solution to the problems of death and human suffering. After six years of spiritual discipline, he achieved supreme enlightenment at the age of 35 while meditating under a pipal tree at Bodh Gaya. He spent the rest of his life teaching his doctrines and establishing a community of monks, the sangha, to continue his work. SiddharthaGautama Siddhartha Gautama George Shaw GeorgeBernardShaw Elias Canetti EliasCanetti DaleEvans Dale Evans MelOtt-BaseballPlayer Mel Ott Erik Erikson ErikErikson WilliamDesmondTaylor-MovieDirector William Desmond Taylor John Belushi JohnBelushi FrancoisTruffaut Francois Truffaut James Polk JamesPolk Sigrid Undset SigridUndset Eleanor Roosevelt EleanorRoosevelt GaryCooper Gary Cooper FrancisPicabia-TheArtist Francis Picabia JimHenson Jim Henson Grover Alexander GroverAlexander-BaseballPlayer Gustav Klimt GustavKlimt-TheArtist AlfredTarski Alfred Tarski is, with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvarT5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KurtGodel</a>, one of the founders of contemporary logic. His papers on the theory of truth and logical consequence, as well as his studies on axiomatic geometry, are commonly identified as the starting point of formal semantics and model theory. Born Alfred Teitelbaum in Russian-occupied Poland, he converted to Catholicism and changed his name to Tarski, apparently in an outburst of Polish nationalism following the Russian retreat in #$WorldWarI. Whatever the motive, the conversion did little to mollify the numerous anti-semites in Polish academia: Tarski wrote his seminal papers while teaching mathematics in high school. He later moved to the United States and had a distinguished career at the University of California, where his students included Solomon Feferman and Richard Montague. Alfred Tarski Noah Webster NoahWebster DrJoyceBrothers Dr Joyce Brothers Louis Jourdan LouisJourdan PaulJohannLudwigHeyse Paul Heyse DaleCarnegie-Author Dale Carnegie SamHouston Sam Houston, famous and deceased politician, who served as President of Texas, governor of Texas, US Senator from Texas, and governor of Tennessee. Sam Houston Hans Hofmann HansHofmann-TheArtist EzraPound Ezra Pound Anwar Sadat This is the Egyptian President who shared the Nobel Prize for Peace with Menachim Begin for the Camp David Accords. He was subsequently assassinated by islamic extemists, see #$AssassinationOfAnwarSadat. AnwarSadat JoseEizaguirre Jose Eizaguirre George Frederick Watts GeorgeFrederickWatts-TheArtist MaxBeckmann-TheArtist Max Beckmann Mickey Mantle MickeyMantle-BaseballPlayer RaoulDufy-TheArtist Raoul Dufy Jean Seberg JeanSeberg Eva Peron EvaPeron Eric Fleming EricFleming EugenioMontale Eugenio Montale Lillian Gish LillianGish Required Arg 1 Pred requiredArg1Pred A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNZi3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaPredicate</a> for stating that every instance of a given collection is related to some thing or things by a given predicate. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdUGBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg1Pred</a> COL PRED)</code> means that for every instance <code>INST</code> of <code>COL</code>, there exists some sequence <code>ARGS</code> such that <code>(PRED INST . ARGS)</code> holds. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdUGBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg1Pred</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organization</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViz-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">hasMembers</a>) means that every organization has at least one member. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvvftiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">requiredArg2Pred</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtSyCMo5bQdiKvbFrqtRipw" class="cyc_term">requiredArg3Pred</a>. HistoricalCollection historical collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_6HdOlV3QdeI9PHEy04DkQ" class="cyc_term">NonInitialCollection</a> (q.v). Each instance HC of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rZ4U-5JX-QdeNoJn93NBKEQ" class="cyc_term">HistoricalCollection</a> is a collection such that (i) nothing can start its existence as an instance of HC and (ii) once a thing becomes an instance of HC it necessarily remains so for the rest of time. An example of a historical collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ra50_OGkMEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">AgentNowTerminated</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a> is a dead, formerly living organism. If the sentence, "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> ORG <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>)" is true, it means that ORG was once an organism (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjE1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organism_Whole</a>) which was alive and that ORG underwent death (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dying</a>) at some time prior to the time at which "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> ORG <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>)" is true. Deceased dead organism A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Individual</a>, and an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rZ4U-5JX-QdeNoJn93NBKEQ" class="cyc_term">HistoricalCollection</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4roBs6aphbQdeBmpdRzdrxxA" class="cyc_term">PostExistenceCollection</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ra50_OGkMEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">AgentNowTerminated</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> that has terminated. "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> AGT <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ra50_OGkMEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">AgentNowTerminated</a>)" is true only after the ending point of AGT, when "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> AGT <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a>)" is no longer true. Instances include defunct organizations and dead animals. AgentNowTerminated former agent A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rznUK1nSxEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">OrganismTypeByExistentialStatus</a> is a collection of organisms that share a current existential state. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rWFGntn8AEdaAAAABAjVgzA" class="cyc_term">organismsExistentialState</a>. OrganismTypeByExistentialStatus organism type by existential status Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL deadPhysicalRemainsOf <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4reD4wYOqIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">deadPhysicalRemainsOf</a> REMAINS TEMPORAL-THING)</code> means that <code>REMAINS</code> constitute the dead physical remains of <code>TEMPORAL-THING</code>, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>, formerly an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjE1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organism_Whole</a>. Note that <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4reD4wYOqIEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">deadPhysicalRemainsOf</a> REMAINS TEMPORAL-THING)</code> entails <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjV25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">temporallyDisjoint</a> REMAINS TEMPORAL-THING)</code>. Dead Physical Remains Of The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the #$KRAKEN application to resolve natural language ambiguities. KE clarifying collection type KEClarifyingCollectionType <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ra50_OGkMEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">AgentNowTerminated</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a> is a dead, formerly living organism. If the sentence, "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> ORG <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>)" is true, it means that ORG was once an organism (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjE1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organism_Whole</a>) which was alive and that ORG underwent death (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dying</a>) at some time prior to the time at which "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> ORG <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>)" is true. Deceased dead organism A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_6HdOlV3QdeI9PHEy04DkQ" class="cyc_term">NonInitialCollection</a> (q.v.). Each instance PEC of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4roBs6aphbQdeBmpdRzdrxxA" class="cyc_term">PostExistenceCollection</a> is such that something can be an instance of PEC only after the thing's entire existence (i.e., "posthumously"). Any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4roBs6aphbQdeBmpdRzdrxxA" class="cyc_term">PostExistenceCollection</a> may either be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4roBs6aphbQdeBmpdRzdrxxA" class="cyc_term">PostExistenceCollection</a> permanently (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rZ4U-5JX-QdeNoJn93NBKEQ" class="cyc_term">HistoricalCollection</a>) or only "intermittently" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ra0kFdJX-QdebR5OIAEc_Cg" class="cyc_term">IntermittentCollection</a>). An example of a post-existence collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>. post existence collection PostExistenceCollection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ra50_OGkMEdaAAACQJ5T1Bg" class="cyc_term">AgentNowTerminated</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a> is a dead, formerly living organism. If the sentence, "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> ORG <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>)" is true, it means that ORG was once an organism (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjE1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Organism_Whole</a>) which was alive and that ORG underwent death (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dying</a>) at some time prior to the time at which "(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> ORG <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJ45PHS7EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">Deceased</a>)" is true. Deceased dead organism wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name