]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Superstrings are the posits of a string theory which takes into account boson/fermion symmetry. String theory is a class of theories which posit that the basic subatomic entities are "strings" which are have only one dimension. One interesting feature of quantum field theories of strings is that they are only non-anomalous if spacetime is assumed to have 10 (or 26) dimensions. Superstring superstring

Superstring theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory SpatialThing-Localized localized spatial thing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalThing</a>. This is the collection of all spatial things, tangible or intangible, that can meaningfully be said to have location or position in the empirical universe. Examples of spatially-localized things include all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a> things, such as trees and ships, as well as certain <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjjo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Intangible</a> spatial things, like the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPzQjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EarthsEquator</a>. Also included are those events that can be pinned-down to specific places (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjJE4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event_Localized</a>), and thus all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjpjZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalEvent</a>s. Excluded from this collection are any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>s that are not localized, such as -- arguably -- purely abstract geometrical figures (e.g. a Platonic sphere). Note that a fictional or imaginary object (such as Frodo, Captain Queeg, or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJlh2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HAL9000_TheComputer</a>) is typically localized with respect to the universe of the fictional/imagnary context in which it is found, and so is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwS68M5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing_Localized</a> with respect to that context. Wikipedia Article URL (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rNv0nbm4TTjOp7yhmnzOyqg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleURL</a> THING URL) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article located at URL wikipediaArticleURL Superstrings are the posits of a string theory which takes into account boson/fermion symmetry. String theory is a class of theories which posit that the basic subatomic entities are "strings" which are have only one dimension. One interesting feature of quantum field theories of strings is that they are only non-anomalous if spacetime is assumed to have 10 (or 26) dimensions. Superstring superstring Superstrings are the posits of a string theory which takes into account boson/fermion symmetry. String theory is a class of theories which posit that the basic subatomic entities are "strings" which are have only one dimension. One interesting feature of quantum field theories of strings is that they are only non-anomalous if spacetime is assumed to have 10 (or 26) dimensions. Superstring superstring A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtM0npht0QdiUF94Dipp7Pg" class="cyc_term">TemporallyExistingThing</a> whose instances are more or less static, as compared (e.g.) to the more dynamic instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>. The clearest examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a>s are tangible things, such as people, lakes, stars, and the Earth's ionosphere. But <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a> also includes certain intangible temporal things, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agreement</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi_0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Obligation</a>s, that remain relatively stable throughout their lifetimes. On the other hand, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi255wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SomethingExisting</a> excludes "purely temporal" intangibles such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeInterval</a>s. thing existing stably in time SomethingExisting type of stuff A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> is a collection that is stuff-like in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is stuff-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which every part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>. More precisely, for a collection to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> it is sufficient that there be some spec-pred <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj7bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">parts</a> (that is, some predicate <code>PARTPRED</code> for which<code> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVtJUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlPreds</a> PARTPRED <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj7bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">parts</a>)</code> holds), such that if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJECT1 OBJECT2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJECT2 COL)</code>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Take an instance of that, say a ten minute long period in which a person is breathing. Imagine some two minute snippet of that, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj7bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That, too, is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, since all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> are also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Take any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> -- say the water in the Pacific Ocean. Now take any portion of that water -- say a handful of it that a person scoops up near Honolulu, one of its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> (a spec-pred of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj7bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">parts</a>). That handful is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Hence <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>, in virtue of the fact that all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalPortions</a> of all instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a> are themselves instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. Other examples are: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, which is stuff-like with respect <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjCQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>; <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSD2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subCharacterStrings</a>; and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtUAU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">List</a>, which is stuff-like with respect to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQxEhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subLists</a>. These examples are somewhat exceptional -- most <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a>s are like the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Breathing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjAHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Water</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>, for the contrasting (but not disjoint) notion of being object-like. StuffType wikipediaArticleName (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTv-jk9SPTXa991kk5mAvHg" class="cyc_term">wikipediaArticleName</a> THING NAME) means that in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtqXA6OC8QdiWC72DuLJdUw" class="cyc_term">Wikipedia_WebSite</a> THING is described by an article with the title NAME Wikipedia Article Name