]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. The collection of all cases heard before the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>, upon the Court's issuing of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rWC3fYvm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">WritOfCertiori_LegalDocument</a> mandating hearing of the case. CaseHeardByTheSupremeCourt case heard by the Supreme Court cases heard by the supreme court cases heard by the Supreme Court A case heard before the U.S. Supreme Court involving issues related to voting rights and, by extension, racial desegregation. SmithVAllwright-CourtCase Smith v. Allwright Clinton v. City of New York ClintonVCityOfNewYork-CourtCase A case heard before the U.S. Supreme court which decided that the line-item veto granted to President Bill Clinton in the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 was unconstitutional. A case heard before the U.S. Supreme Court which decided that financial contributions to a political campaign is a form of free speech, and which allowed wealthy persons to spend unlimited amounts of their own money when running for federal elected office. BuckleyVValeo-CourtCase Buckley v. Valeo MarburyVMadison-CourtCase Marbury v. Madison A landmark case heard by the U.S. Supreme Court which established the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rPomDVPddEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">WilliamMarbury</a> had received a judicial appointment under President <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0gg45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JohnAdams</a> which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rPelx3vddEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">JohnMarshall</a>, who was then acting as Secretary of State, failed to deliver before Adams' term expired in 1801 (Marbury's appointment, along with several others, having being made literally at the eleventh hour before Adams' term expired). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPzTm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ThomasJefferson</a>, when sworn in as Adams' successor, continued to withold the appointments, and Marbury petitioned the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> to compel <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r2ljxYI3iEdaAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">JamesMadison</a>, Jefferson's Secretary of State, to deliver them. The court, under the leadership of the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rPelx3vddEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">JohnMarshall</a>, eventually found that Marbury's petition was misdirected in being directly addressed to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>, inasmuch as the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvy_ifZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">USConstitution</a> only gave the court appelate jurisdiction, not original jurisdication, in such cases: hence, the judicial statue under which Marbury's petition was submitted was unconstitutional. This marked the first time that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> asserted an authority, defended by Marshall in his opinion, to evaluate existing criminal and civil statutes with regard to constitutionality, i.e., the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rklRspPbJEdyAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">USJudicialRightToDetermineConstitutionalityOfLaw</a>. A case heard before the U.S. Supreme Court which authorized federal courts to be the final authority on the creation of House districts. BakerVCarr-CourtCase Baker v. Carr Plessy v. Ferguson PlessyVFurguson-CourtCase A landmark case heard before the U.S. Supreme court which upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal". the 'pentagon papers' case When Daniel Ellsburg leaked a top secret 2.5 million word classified report on the history of U.S. involvement in the <font color="#ff0000">#$VietnamWar</font> to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv9zGoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NewYorkTimesCompany</a> in early 1971, the paper began publishing it in installments in June of that year. The administration of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVizFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RichardNixon</a> sought to have a federal district court immediately issue an injunction to cease and desist from publication, arguing that the exercise would cause irreparable harm to U.S. Defense Interests. After numerous inconclusive attempts to enlist Federal courts on one side and the other, both the administration and the paper appealed to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>. The court, in a 6-3 opinion, ruled that the administration had not shown sufficient justification for prior restraint, and that the paper was therefore free to continue publication. NewYorkTimesVTheUnitedStates-CourtCase A case heard before the U.S. Supreme Court which decided that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause. ShawVReno-CourtCase Shaw v. Reno U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton A case heard before the U.S. Supreme court which decided that states may not impose stricter requirements on prospective members of Congress than specified in the U. S. Constitution. USTermLimitsVThornton-CourtCase Wesberry v. Sanders WesberryVSanders-CourtCase A case heard before the U.S. Supreme Court which ordered U.S. House districts to be as nearly equal as possible. BrownVBoardOfEducationOfTopeka-CourtCase Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka A landmark case heard before the U.S. Supreme court which involved a unanimous ruling that the doctrine of "separate but equal" was unconstitutional. RoeVWade-CourtCase A landmark <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhvQ6SIDLQdeVyO222GNvJQ" class="cyc_term">CourtCase</a> heard by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>, whose decision affirmed the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rQ55NrPuBEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">ConstitutionallyProtectedRightToAbortionUnderDueProcess</a>. Roe v. Wade An important case concerning <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rbqZejvrAEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">USCitizensRightToFreedomOfSpeech</a>. The particulars were that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r-FspbvtJEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">ClarenceBrandenburg</a>, a member of the Ku Klux Klan, was taped at an Ohio Klan rally making numerous racist remarks, burning a cross, and accusing the (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrvPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GovernmentFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesOfAmerica</a>) of suppressing Caucasians. He was convicted under Ohio's Criminal Syndicalism statute for advocating violence, and his appeal to state appellate court was dismissed. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a> struck down the law under which Brandenburg was convicted on the grounds that only speech which threatened to induce 'imminent lawless action' could be proscribed, given first amendment protections (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rVZ05_PtNEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">ImminentLawlessActionPrinciple</a>). This ruling placed considerable strictures on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rcaY6MPq4EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">ClearAndPresentDangerPrinciple</a> enunciated by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTBFiNvqkEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">OliverWendellHolmesJr</a> some 50 years before. Brandenburg v. Ohio BrandenburgVTheStateOfOhio-CourtCase Schenk v. the United States An important <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ryk4xKPm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">CaseHeardByTheSupremeCourt</a>. At issue was the question of whether the actions of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rQBUIdPqlEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">CharlesSchenk</a>, a prominent socialist who published pamphlets denouncing the draft and urging conscripts to resist enlistment, were protected by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rB56zLPUVEdyAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">FirstAmendment_USConstitution</a>. The court unanimously decided they were not. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTBFiNvqkEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">OliverWendellHolmesJr</a>, writing for the majority, authored an opinion stating that speech constituting a 'clear and present danger' to the welfare of the Republic was not permissable, insofar as it impugned or ran the risk of impugning, the rights of other citizens. SchenkVTheUnitedStates-CourtCase A case heard before the U.S. Supreme court which decided that the Florida Supreme Court's method for counting ballots was unconstitutional, and that no alternative counting method could be established within the time limits set by the Florida State Legislature. BushVGore-CourtCase Bush v. Gore A case heard before the U.S. Supreme court dealing with gerymandering of congressional districts. MillerVJohnson-CourtCase Miller v. Johnson DB pedia OWL class DBPediaOWLClass A collection of collections. Each instance of this collection is a collection that corresponds to one of the classes in the DBPedia ontology. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString The collection of all cases heard before the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>, upon the Court's issuing of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rWC3fYvm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">WritOfCertiori_LegalDocument</a> mandating hearing of the case. CaseHeardByTheSupremeCourt case heard by the Supreme Court The collection of all cases heard before the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>, upon the Court's issuing of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rWC3fYvm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">WritOfCertiori_LegalDocument</a> mandating hearing of the case. CaseHeardByTheSupremeCourt case heard by the Supreme Court CaseAppealedToTheSupremeCourt case appealed to the Supreme Court The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rmUVKrPeLEdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">CourtCaseWithOneOrMoreAppeals</a> that are appealed to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>. The procedure is for the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">plaintiffs</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">defendants</a> in the case to engage in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYrn1xPm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">PetitioningForAWritOfCertiori</a>, that is, a request that the court issue a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rWC3fYvm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">WritOfCertiori_LegalDocument</a> to hear the case. The court periodically meets in private conference (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4raDrAyPm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">ConferenceOfTheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>) to consider a filtered subset of these petitions (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rXhJ37vm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">PetitionForAWritOfCertiori_LegalDocument</a>. The court votes on each petition: if four or more justices agree that the case rises to the level of a constitutuional issue, the court proceeds with an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rarNvWPm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">IssuingAWritOfCertiori</a>. Otherwise, the court executes a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtKy1iPm_EdyAAAACs6hbjw" class="cyc_term">DenyingAPetitionOfCertiori</a>. The criteria used in deciding whether or not a cert petition merits the court's attention include resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a constitutional provision, correcting an egregious departure from accepted jurisprudence, resolving an important question of federal law, and reviewing a decision of a lower court that conflicts with a previous decision of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvegiTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitedStatesSupremeCourt</a>. TemporalObjectType temporal object type A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally object-like. A collection <code><b>COL</b></code> is temporally object-like just in case it generally holds that any proper purely temporal parts (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code> is not itself an instance of <code><b>COL</b></code>. More precisely, a collection <code><b>COL</b></code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> just in case it satisfies the following: For any distinct <code><b>OBJ1</b></code> and <code><b>OBJ2</b></code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>COL</b>)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> <b>OBJ1</b> <b>OBJ2</b>)</code>, then <i>not</i> <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <b>OBJ2</b> <b>COL</b>)</code>. <p/> For example, none of the proper time-slices of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is itself a calendar year. Likewise for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> are both instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a>. Conversely, a proper time-slice of a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> might itself be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> (e.g. an hour has minutes and seconds as time-slices); so <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVisWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Date</a> is <i>not</i> a temporal-object-type. <p/> See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally stuff-like.